Degenerative changes of the coracoacromial(CA) arch were investigated in 114 dry scapulae from 57(male 35 female 22) Korean cadavers The cadavers were of individuals who had ranged In age from 18 to 97 years(average age of 67) The types of degenerative changes could be classified into facet and spur types Degenerative changes occured in 51.9%(bilateral 29.6% unilateral 22. 2%) of the individuals with both acromions intact and in 41.4% of the scapulae with intact acromion The frequency of degenerative changes was higher m the males but there was no significant difference between the sides Among the scapulae with degenerative changes m the CA arch 43.5% showed single facet type degeneration and both single spur-type and compound degenerative changes occurred in 28.3% respectively of the total number of degenerative changes facet-type degeneration was the most common(67.4%) followed by spur-type on the acromion(34.8%) and spur-type on the coracoid process(28.3%) Frequencies of degenerative changes of the CA arch according to age bracket were 0.0% for 10~39 47.5% for 40~69 and 44.3% for 70~99 Thus it was confirmed that the CA arch is most likely to develop degenerative changes after 40 years of age Profile shapes of the acromion were classified into curved(86.5%) hooked(8.1%) and flat(5.4%) types The incidence of degenerative changes of the CA arch was highest in the curved acromion but the rate of occurrence of the degenerative changes was highest in the hooked acrormion Compared to the normal condition the morphometric characteristics of the scapulae showing degenerative changes of the CA arch were as follows 1) The acromion is wider and the slope of the scapular spine is smaller 2) the angle between the root and the horizontal part of the coracoid process is smaller 3) most diameters of the acromial articular surface and the glenoid cavity are greater.
Acromion ; Cadaver ; Female ; Glenoid Cavity ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Scapula ; Spine

A thorough knowledge about the branching variations of the femoral and deep femoral arteries is important in vascular reconstructive surgery of the proximal leg. The present study was done to describe the patterns of origin of the main branches of the femoral and deep femoral arteries in Koreans. The cadavers of 77 Koreans(male, 51 ; female, 26), who were 18-97 years old of time of death, were used in the present investigations and the femoral arteries of 152 sides(right side, 77 ; left side, 75) were observed. The femoral arteries of two left sides were excluded from this study because their branches were not clearly examined during dissection. The results were as follows : 1. Lateral circumflex femoral artery arose from the deep femoral artery in 78.9% and from the femoral artery in 21.1%. Significant differences between the right and left sides were not observed. 2. Medial circumflex femoral artery arose from the deep femoral artery in 77.0% and from the femoral artery in 22.4%. This artery arose more frequently from the femoral artery on the left side, and from the deep femoral artery on the right side in about a 9-10% differential respectively. In one case, the medial circumflex femoral artery arose from the lateral circumflex femoral artery on the left side. 3. The descending branch, which is normally a branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, arose from either the femoral or the deep femoral arteries in about 7% of the cases respectively. 4. The patterns of origin of the deep and circumflex femoral group of arteries were classified into 18 types. Each type is represented in three letters by using the initial of the deep femoral artery (D) or femoral artery (F) or lateral circumflex femoral artery (L) in the order of origin of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, medial circumflex femoral artery and descending branch. Types DDL(49.3%), FDL(18.4%) and DFL(15.1%) constituted the three major types on both sides. In addition, seven types (DFD, FFL, DDD, DDF, DFF, DLL and FDF) were found on the left side and three types (DDF, DDD and DFD) on the right side.
Adult* ; Arteries ; Cadaver ; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; Female ; Femoral Artery* ; Humans ; Leg

M. supracostalis anterior is a rare varlation which occurs on the external aspect of the upper thoracic wall. This thin, short-like musc1e lies deep to the pectoralis major and minor muscles, and extends longitudinally over the upper four or five ribs. It is known that the muscle usually occurs bilaterally but sometimes unilaterally. In the present report, a case of unilateral (right) M.supracostalis anterior, observed in a 58-year-old man cadaver, is described. Because the muscle had not been reported in Korea, morphological characteristics and nerve innervation of the muscle were investigated. 1. M. supracostalis anterior, observed only on the right side, extended longitudinally from the first rib to the fourth rib deep to the pectoralis minor. 2. The suprarostalis anterior arose from the antero-inferior surface below the groove for subclavian vein of the first rib. After arising from the first rib, the smaller, more media part of the muscle inserted into the upper border of the fourth rib and the larger, more lateral part inserted into the upper border of the fourth rib. 3. The length of the musce is 9.9cm, and the width is 0.8cm at its origin, 1.7cm at the upper border of the third rib and 2.4cm at the upper border of the fourth rib. 4. It was confirmed, under stereomicroscope, that the muscle was innervated by the terminal branches of the nerve to the first external intercostal muscle deriving from Thl and Th2. Blood supply of the M. supracostalis anterior was provided mainly by the lateral thoracic artery arising from the axillary artery.
Axillary Artery ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Intercostal Muscles ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Muscles ; Ribs ; Subclavian Vein ; Thoracic Arteries ; Thoracic Wall

The changes in the size of human oviduct and ovary after immersion in formalin (4%, 10%) were investigated. The results were as follows : 1. After fixation, the length of oviduct was significantly reduced to 93%, but the cross sectional area of oviduct was significantly increased. The length of oviduct showed no significant difference between 4% and 10% formalin. The length of ovarian ligament was also significantly reduced to 84% after fixation. 2. After fixation, the volume of oviduct was increased significantly and showed a difference between the two fixatives. The volume of oviduct in 4% formalin has increased to 107%, as compared to 103% increase in 10% formalin. 3. After fixation, the volume of ovary was increased significantly and showed a difference between the two fixatives. The volume of ovary in 4% formalin has increased to 109%, as compared to 103% increase in 10% formalin.
Animals ; Female ; Fixatives ; Formaldehyde* ; Humans* ; Immersion* ; Ligaments ; Ovary* ; Oviducts*

The present study was performed to provide an anatomical basis of the coracoacromial (CA) arch and the articular surfaces of the scapula which can be applied to the diagnosis and treatment of some common shoulder problems. The standard dimensions and the range of variation of the CA arch, the acromial articular surface and the glenoid cavity were investigated in 114 dry scapulae obtained from 57 (male, 35 ; female, 22) Korean cadavers ranging in age from 18 to 97 years (average age of 67). The results were as follows : 1. The length (46.3mm), width(25.2mm), thickness (8.2mm) and height (4.5mm) of the acromion were measured. The length, width and thickness were significantly larger in the males. The slope of the acromion was 51.5°, and the slope of the scapular spine was 118.5°. 2. The height (13.5mm), slope of the root (138.4°) and the horizontal part (25.3°) of the coracoid process, and the angle between the root and the horizontal part (106.6°) were measured. There were no significant differences between sexes and sides in all morphometric values related to the coracoid process. 3. The length (67.6mm) and height (24.7mm) of the CA arch, the height of the CA ligament from the supraglenoid tubercle (13.1mm), and length of the CA ligament (27.6mm) were measured. Both the length and height of the CA arch and the length of the CA ligament were significantly larger in the males. The slope and anterior and posterior angles of the CA arch were 16.8°, 42.2°, and 34.7°, respectively. 4. The long (13.8mm) and short (8.0mm) diameters of the acromial articular surface were measured, and both diameters were significantly longer in the males. The acromial articular surface was 8.4mm away from the tip of the acromion and extended 1.4mm inferiorly below the inferior surface of the acromion. 5. The long (34.8mm) diameter, and superior (15.0mm), middle (19.5mm), and inferior (25.6mm) short diameters of the glenoid cavity were measured. The long and both superior and inferior short diameters were significantly longer in the males.
Acromion ; Cadaver ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Glenoid Cavity ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Male ; Scapula* ; Shoulder ; Spine

A case of situs inversus totalis was observed in the cadaver of a 35 year old Korean female and the anatomical structures were investigated. The fact that she had received intestinal resection due to tuberculosis of intestines was confirmed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. All thoracic and abdominal viscera were completely transposed and in the left lower quadrant of abdomen, it was observed that the distal portion of the small intestine, cecum, appendix and part of the ascending colon had been resected. 2. Classic mirror-image dextrocardia with patent foramen ovale (large diameter, 7mm), sinusitis in the left maxillary sinus, bilateral thoracic duct, variation of the opennig site of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct, and maldvelopment of the left adrenal gland were observed together with the sinus inversus totalis.
Abdomen ; Adrenal Glands ; Appendix ; Cadaver ; Cecum ; Colon, Ascending ; Common Bile Duct ; Dextrocardia ; Female ; Foramen Ovale, Patent ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Intestines ; Maxillary Sinus ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Sinusitis ; Situs Inversus* ; Thoracic Duct ; Tuberculosis ; Viscera

No abstract available.
Appendix* ; Fetus*

No abstract available.
Adult* ; Humans ; Musculocutaneous Nerve*

The authors reported a case of congenital coloboma of iris, choroid, optic nerve in both eyes, with tne review of literatures. The patient was a 19 year old male, and there was no family history. This case was typical colocoma, associated with persistent pupillary membrane. The scotoma corresponding to choroid coloboma was seen in the left eye, but not in the right eye.
Choroid* ; Coloboma* ; Humans ; Iris* ; Male ; Membranes ; Optic Nerve* ; Scotoma ; Young Adult

The report of the M. pyramidalis was studied in 51 cadavers of Korean adults (male 33, female 18). Origin, insertion and number of this muscle were observed, and the length and breadth were also measured. The results were as follows : 1. The right pyramidal muscle was absent in one male cadaver, and the left pyramidal muscle was absent in two male cadavers. 2. In one male cadaver, pyramidal muscles of both sides had bifurcated origin. 3. In Korean adults, the average length of this muscle was 6.72cm in right, 7.05cm in left, and the breadth was about 2.0cm in both sides. The morphological index was 31.10 in right, and 29.55 in left. 4. In Korean male, the average length of this muscle was 1.93cm in right, 7.42cm in left, and the breadth was 1.93cm in right and 1.92cm in left. The morphological index was 28.70 in right and 26.58 in left. 5. In Korean female, the average length was 6.26cm in right, 6.38cm in left. and the breadth was 2.13cm in right and 2.12cm in left. The morphological index was 35.57 in right and 34.63 in left. 6. Compared with other human races, the pyramidal muscle was less frequently wanting in Asians (3.9%), including the Korean adults, than wanting in European (19.9%), American Whites (20.4%) and Negroes (15.1%). 7. The morphological index of this muscle was little differences existing in male of the human races, but this index was higher in Korean female (35.0) than in Japanese female (24.4) and in American female Whites (25.8). The morphological index was 32.3 in American female Negroes.
Adult* ; African Continental Ancestry Group ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cadaver ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscles