The use of atypical antipsychotics is limited by occurrence of adverse reactions such as weight gain, despite of their benefits. This article provides a comprehensive review and discussion of the most significant findings regarding obesity-related pathways and integrates these with the known mechanism of atypical antipsychotic action. The focus of this article is primarily on the genetics of obesity related pathways that may be disrupted by atypical antipsychotics. This review also discussed weight gain, hyperglycemia or occurrence of diabetes while being treated with atypical antipsychotics from the point of view of pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenetic research seeks to uncover genetic factors that will help clinicians identify the best treatment strategies for their patients. It will aid clinically in the prediction of response and side effects, such as antipsychotic-induced weight gain, and minimize the current "trial and error" approach to prescribing in the near future. This article also presents the genetics of both central and peripheral pathways putatively involved in antipsychotic-induced weight gain while providing a comprehensive review of the obesity literature. This article also review obesity related candidate molecules which may be disrupted during atypical antipsychotic drug treatment.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Genetics ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Obesity ; Pharmacogenetics* ; Weight Gain*

OBJECT: The goal of this study was to examine the changes in body weight and glucose levels of the patients treated with risperidone, clozapine or haloperidol in order to compare the effect of risperidone or clozapine with that of haloperidol. METHODS: For nine months(January to September, 2003), a prospective study was performed in 60 patients with chronic schizophrenia who were in Seoul National Hospital. Two-week period was required for a drug wash-out. The patients were randomly assigned to risperidone, clozapine and haloperidol groups. They were given risperidone(n=20), clozapine(n=20) and haloperidol(n=20), respectively, everyday for 12 weeks. To examine the effects of these drugs on body weight and fasting glucose levels, we measured body weight and glucose levels of all the patients first without the drug treatment and at each end of 4, 8, and 12-week periods with the treatment. And we examined the differences among three groups in the changes of body weight and fasting glucose levels. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the changes of the body weight and fasting glucose levels between the atypical antipsychotics(risperidone or clozapine) and the typical antipsychotics(haloperidol). CONCLUSION: The study in the patients with chronic schizophrenia suggests that risperidone or clozapine do not cause any additional effects on body weight or glucose levels compared to haloperidol.
Body Weight* ; Clozapine* ; Fasting ; Glucose* ; Haloperidol* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Risperidone* ; Schizophrenia* ; Seoul ; Weight Gain

Juvenile retinoschisis is a vitreoretinal dystrophy with X-linked recessive mode of transmission that shows microcystic degeneration of the macula associated with splitting of the sensory retina, predominantly within the nerve fiber layer. We experienced X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, in four borthers within a family in which were the onset of visual disturbance between second decades and third decades, and all showed maculopathy, RPE atrophy, vitreous veils extended to vitreous, partial optic atrophy, specific electroretinographic findings.
Atrophy ; Humans ; Nerve Fibers ; Optic Atrophy ; Retina ; Retinoschisis* ; Siblings*

No abstract available.
Bupivacaine* ; Morphine* ; Prospective Studies*

There are a few case reports describing prolonged myoclonus following propofol. A previously fit 26 year old woman presented for a left knee lateral impingement under general anesthesia as a day case. She had no personal or family history of epilepsy. Induction was smooth and anesthesia was maintained with propofol TCI, nitrous oxide 65% and oxygen 35%. 30 minutes after stopping of the propofol infusion, the patient developed involuntary movement and shivering that recurred intermittently. After drug therapy and psychotic therapy the patient was progressively stabilized. However 4 hours later the patient developed involuntary movement and myoclonus. She was admitted to the department of neurology under the diagnosis of propriospinal myoclonus. Forty days later she was discharged without long term sequelae.
Adult ; Anesthesia* ; Anesthesia, General ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Dyskinesias ; Epilepsy ; Female ; Humans ; Knee ; Myoclonus* ; Neurology ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Propofol* ; Shivering

A 63-year-old woman was referred to a breast surgeon with a breast mass discovered incidentally during follow-up study after colon cancer surgery. Invasive adenocarcinoma was revealed on core needle biopsy. Wide excision of the breast including the tumor was performed. On standard histological examination the tumor showed features of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. The immunohistochemistry study revealed positive results for cytokeratin (CK)20 and CDX2, but negative for CK7. These are typical characteristics for colon cancer. Considering her history of subtotal colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer, it is presumable that the mass in the breast was of colonic origin, and it was an extremely rare case of metastasis to the breast from primary colorectal neoplasm. Although the instance is rare, clinicians should keep the possibility of breast metastasis from colorectal cancer in mind for early and correct diagnosis.
Adenocarcinoma ; Biopsy, Large-Core Needle ; Breast ; Colectomy ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Keratins ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Sigmoid Neoplasms

This report describes rodents in a laboratory animal facility that was adversely affected by a noisy environment during construction work. There was much noise and vibration as well as dust caused by the drilling and hammering. The noise levels, frequencies, and length of time when occurring in the drilling and hammering, were all measured. The drilling showed noise levels ranging from 50-90 decibels (dB) (A-filter, A), and the hammering presented 60-70 dB (A). Some researchers raised problems regarding animal experiments, including skin injuries resulted from self-mutilation, and increase of mortality. This gives useful information to people who plan to renovate laboratory animal facilities as it is a very rare case.
Animal Experimentation ; Animal Welfare ; Animals ; Animals, Laboratory ; Dust ; Mandrillus ; Mice ; Noise ; Rats ; Rodentia ; Skin ; Vibration

BACKGROUND: Inaccuracies associated with target-controlled infusion (TCI) delivery systems are attributable to both software and hardware issues, as well as pharmacokinetic variability. However, little is known about the inaccuracy of the syringe pump operating in TCI mode. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the TCI pump based on international standards.METHODS: A test apparatus for accuracy evaluation of a syringe pump (PION TCI®, Bionet Co. Ltd.) was designed to apply the gravimetric method. Pump accuracy was evaluated in terms of deviation defined by the following equation: infusion rate deviation (%) = (Rate(mea) − Rate(est)) / Rate(est) × 100, where Rate(mea) is the infusion rate (ml/h) as measured by the gravimetric system, and Rate(est) is the infusion rate (ml/h) as estimated by the pump. An infusion rate representing TCI mode was determined from previous clinical trial data which evaluated the predictive performance of the pharmacokinetic model. The PION TCI pump used in that clinical trial was used to evaluate accuracy of the syringe pump. The distribution of infusion rates obtained from the clinical trial was calculated, and the median value of the distribution was determined as the representative value.RESULTS: The representative infusion rate representing TCI mode was 31 ml/h, at which the infusion rate deviation was 4.5 ± 1.6%.CONCLUSIONS: The inaccuracy of the syringe pump contributing to TCI system inaccuracy is insignificant.
Mesons ; Methods ; Syringes

The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) had gradually been declining all over the world, but in recent years, TB has been increasing due to the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). When immune-suppression status deteriorates further, extrapulmonary TB generally appears more often. Abdominal TB is one type of extra-pulmonary TB, which may involve the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes or solid viscera. We encountered a case who had initially been diagnosed as having abdominal TB, had progressed to acute respiratory distress syndrome and was eventually confirmed as having developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome. In cases of coinfection of TB and HIV, it is reported that immunological responses become poor and complications with higher morbidity frequently occur. Therefore, the Korean guidelines for TB should be revised to ensure whether HIV infection exists in TB patients.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome* ; Coinfection ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; HIV ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lymph Nodes ; Peritoneum ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Adult ; Tuberculosis* ; Viscera

Phospholipase C(PLC) plays a central role in signal transduction and it is important in cellular growth, differentiation and transformation. There are currently ten known mammalian isozymes of PLC identified and cloned. However, there are no report of PLC distribution in human lung tissue or their significances in pulmonary diseases. Presence of various PLC isozymes in normal human lung tissue was studied from surgical specimens. PLC isozymes in tissue extracts of the lung were partially purified by successive chromatographic steps on heparin-sepharose CL-6B conventional and TSKgel heparin-5PW HPLC columns and their activities were assayed. PLC activity peaks identified in the chromatography were immunoblotted with specific antibodies against ten known mammalian PLC isozymes(PLC-beta 1-4, -gamma 1-2, and -delta 1-4). In addition, immunohistochemical staining of the lung tissue was performed to determine subcellular and histological localization of PLC isozymes. The results indicate that normal human lungs contain beta 1, beta 3, gamma 1, and delta 1, isozymes of PLC. The order of amount present in the lung tissue was PLC-delta 1 > gamma 1 >beta 1 >> beta 3, in descending order. On immunohistochemistry, PLC-gamma 1 was most widely distributed and was present in bronchiolar epithelium, in type I and type II pneumocytes as well as in fibroblasts of the interstitial tissue. PLC-delta 1 was present in the cytoplasm of the bronchiolar epithelium whereas PLC-beta 1 was localized to the apical membranous portion of the same epithelium. PLC-beta 3 was seen in the nucleus of the respiratory and alveolar lining epithelium as well as in the nucleus of lung fibroblasts.
Adult ; Chromatography, Agarose ; Female ; Heparin/chemistry ; Human ; Immunohistochemistry ; Isoenzymes/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Lung/*enzymology/pathology ; Male ; Phospholipase C/isolation & purification/*metabolism