No abstract available.
Presbyopia*

No abstract available.
Osteotomy* ; Prognathism* ; Recurrence*

Authors reviewed 459 cases which had been followed up over 3 months after surgery to evaluate the incidence of consecutive esotropia and its associated factors. For every case, we investigated the age at the surgery, the methods of surgery, stereopsis, cycloplegic refractive power, the deviation difference between far and near fixation, the deviation before surgery and the results at the postoperative 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 4 months, 6 months, 1 year and 3 years. The incidence of consecutive esotropia tended to decrease as time passed, and occurred in 21 cases[4.6%] at the last follow-up[averaging 13.1 months]. When the deviation difference between at the distance and the near fixation was above 10 delta and the results at the postoperative 1 day was overcorrection above 10 delta, with significantly higher[p<0.05] incidence of consecutive esotropia. Other factors were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the preoperative factor was the far and near deviation difference above 10 delta and the postoperative factor was the first day postoperative overcorrection above 10 delta. It is considered that the nonsurgical treatment can be desirable for the former cases, and overcorrection above 10 delta should be avoided for the latter.
Depth Perception ; Esotropia* ; Exotropia* ; Incidence

OBJECTIVES: The present study was performed to investigate whether estrogen and progesterone induce the change of vascular tone in endothelium-denuded human uterine artery and vascular reactivity may be mediated by intracelluar calcium modulation through receptor- and voltage-dependent calcium channels. METHODS: The uterine arteries were obtained at the time of hysterectomy from 28 women followed by denudation of endothelium. After confirmation of functional integrity of endothelium-denuded uterine artery, vascular reactivity was measured by using isometric force transducer and recorded by physiograph. Contraction was induced by 10-6 M norepinephrine and 35mM high concentrated potassium chloride solution which activated receptor-dependent calcium channel and voltage-dependent calcium channel, respectively.Thereafter estradiol of 4 different concentrations from 3x10-11M to 3x10-8M was administered. Progesterone was also administered to endothelium-denuded uterine artery which was contracted by 10-6M norepinephrine and high potassium chloride solution. To evaluate the effect of additional progesterone on vascular smooth muscle relaxation effect of estrogen,4 different progesterones in concentrations from 3x10-8M to 3x10-5M were given to vascular smooth muscle which was initially pretreated with norepinephrine followed by relaxation of estradiol. RESULTS: Estradiols from 3x10-11M to 3x10-8M showed in significant dose-dependent vascular relaxation. Progesterones result in significant decrease in vascular contraction in concentration dependent manner. Additional progesterone on estrogenic effects also results in significant decrease in vascular contraction. CONCLUSION: Estradiol may have endothelium independent vasorelaxation effect in human uterine artery. These vasorelaxant effects may be mediated through antagonistic action for receptor-and voltage-dependent calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. Progesterone also bring about vasorelaxation by same action in endothelium-denuded vascular smooth muscle. On estrogen induced vascular relaxation, progesterone results in additional vasorelaxation.
Calcium ; Calcium Channels ; Endothelium ; Estradiol ; Estrogens* ; Female ; Humans* ; Hysterectomy ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Norepinephrine ; Potassium Chloride ; Progesterone* ; Relaxation ; Transducers ; Uterine Artery* ; Vasodilation

Compensatory hypertrophy of muscle fibers has been known to occur when burden on a skeletal muscle is increased. However, there have not been reports concerning the response of extraocular muscles following a monocular resection and recession of horizontal muscles, which procedure is a common form of strabismus surgery. A large lateral rectus resection and medial rectus recession was performed in each right eye of 28 rats. After the horizontal muscle surgery, both medial and lateral rectus muscles were obtained from both eyes of each rat with an interval of 2 weeks from the initial operation until 8th week after operation. A mid-portion of an extirpated muscles were frozen and prepared for ATPase staining. With a differential preincubation in two buffered solutions, pH 4.6 and pH 10.3 and ATPase staining, muscle fibers were classified into 3 kinds-global singly innervated fiber(GSIF, alkali-stable), global multi-innervated fiber(GMIF, alkali-labile), and orbital surface layer fiber(OSLF). These muscle fibers were measured using micrometer to find out their diameters and compared with the diameter of extraocular muscle fibers of unoperated rats. All kinds of muscle fibers of a resected lateral rectus showed an increase in their diameteris(p<0.05, Wilcoxon rank sum test) but there was no hypertrophy in the recessed medial rectus the yolk muscle of the resected lateral rectus, medial rectus of the fellow eye also showed hypertrophy of GMIF and OSLF. The lateral rectus of the unoperated fellow eye did not reveal muscle fiber hypertrophy. The postoperative hypertrophy of muscle fibers were observed only at the 2nd and 4th postoperative week specimens. the hypertrophied muscles subsequently returned to the baseline fiber diameter.
Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Animals ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypertrophy* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles ; Orbit ; Rats* ; Strabismus

We evaluated 38patients with orbital wall fracture, who were repaired surgically after its diagnosis from January 1986 to October 1995. We analysed its clinical symptoms and signs, ocular motlity disturbances and strabismus remaining after reduction. All the aptients showed diplopia due to ocular motility disturbance, it was greater in the patients with large fracture size and inferior wall fracture. The ocular motility disturbance remaining after the reduction was proportional to the fracture size and the time between trauma and its reduction. The exotropia and hypertropia of the fracturd eye were the main types of strabismus remaining after reduction. It was more severe in the patients with large fracture size and upper grade of ocular motility disturbance. The weakening procedure of horizontal and vertical muscle resulted in good correction for the strabismus.
Diagnosis ; Diplopia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Orbit* ; Strabismus

In chicks, visual deprivation lead to myopia and enlargement of the vitreous chamber of the eye. In an attempt to elucidate the eyeball enlargement by iatrogenic cataract, two-day old white Leghorn chickens(n=28) were lightly anesthetized with ether and iatrogenic cataract was induced by YAG laser. The other eye was used as control group. Refractive error, corneal curvature, and axial length by ultrasonography were assessed before the study, and 3 weeks and 6 weeks after cataract formation. At 6 weeks, intraocular pressure, dimension changes and weight of enucleated eyeball were measured. The axial lengths in the iatrogenic cataract eye group were significantly larger than their control eyes in both the axial and the equatorial dimensions. Corneal sag and diameter, intraocular pressure, were not significantly different between two groups. We conclude that form vision deprivation with cataract induces the enlargement of the eyeball, especially the posterior segment of the eyeball.
Cataract* ; Chickens* ; Ether ; Intraocular Pressure ; Lasers, Solid-State ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors ; Ultrasonography

Patients with convergence insufficiency were complaint from diplopia and asthenopia at near Most patients respond well to orthoptic therapy, glasses, prism. In the case of patient unresponsive to conventional non-surgical orthoptic treatment, surgery remained controversial due to recurrence of symptoms reported following conventional bilateral medial rectus resection. To overcome these problems, an angled tuck of the medial recti was performed. Strengthening of the lower margin of the medial recti, by tucking them more than these of the upper margin results in a same aligment of the eye for near and distance deviation and relief of symptoms.
Asthenopia ; Diplopia ; Eyeglasses ; Glass ; Humans ; Ocular Motility Disorders* ; Orthoptics ; Recurrence

Sensory Heterotropia is defined as a secondary deviation following loss or severe reduction in visual function in one eye. We have analyzed the records of 68 patients with sensory heterotropia in order to find the incidence, etiologic causes, the factors influencing the direction of the deviation, and the amount of deviation. The incidence of sensory heterotropia was 1.1% of total out patients, and 10.5% of strabismic patients. The major causative factors of sensory heterotropia was anisometropia(33.8%) followed in frequency by uncorrected aphakia(25.0%), cataract(16.2%), retina and vitreous diseases(16.2%), optic nerve atrophy(8.8%) and corneal opacity(2.9%). Esotropia and exotropia were encountered with almost equal frequency when the onset of visual impairment occured between birth and 5 years of age, but exotropia predominated in older children and adult. Those was statistically significant(p<0.01). The direction of a sensory heterotropia was determined by the refractive error of the sound eye, i.e., if the sound eye was emmetropic or myopic, thd blind eye was predominantly exotropic, and if it is hyperopic, it was predominantly esotropic. Also, duration of visual impairment was related to the amount of deviation in exotropic patients. If the duration was under 5 years, the amounts of deviation was 16.3 prism, and over 5 years, it was 25.5 prism, and difference was statistically significant.
Adult ; Child ; Esotropia ; Exotropia ; Humans ; Incidence ; Optic Nerve ; Outpatients ; Parturition ; Refractive Errors ; Retina ; Vision Disorders

Normal kittens showed a gradual increase from 17.6% to 25.5% of BLS with aging from the fifth week to the ninth. Young kittens showed significantly less BLS than do adult ones (p < 0.1), There was significant difference of BLS between exotropic and normal kittens or alternating and non-alternating strabismic ones. However, there was a significant diftrence between esotropic and normal ones (p < 0.1). These results suggested that the BLS can be used as a index for the extent of total field from both eyes.
Aging ; Animals ; Cats ; Esotropia/*physiopathology ; Exotropia/*physiopathology ; Photic Stimulation ; Pupil/*physiopathology ; Strabismus/*physiopathology ; Vision, Binocular