No abstract available.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Prevalence*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant* ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight*

OBJECTIVES: Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) had been used widely as cold remedies or appetite suppressants. However, products containing PPA were withdrawn in sequence in the US, Japan, and Korea due to the increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The purpose of this paper was to review safety issues related with the PPA use and hemorrhagic stroke in view of pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Researches conducted for evaluating the association between the PPA use and hemorrhagic stroke in other countries were reviewed, which involved case reports, case series, case-control studies, and cohort studies. RESULTS: In terms of pharmacologic and clinical features, PPA may increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke through increased blood pressure, heart rate, or vasculitis. The association between the PPA use and hemorrhagic stroke among young women was suggested by case reports from spontaneous adverse events reporting systems or medical journals. The cohort study, using the large prescription database in the US and published in 1984, failed to reveal the association in the population aged below 65. The case-control study conducted as the Yale Hemorrhagic Stroke Project, published in 2000, was the first study to find the association between the PPA as appetite suppressants and hemorrhagic stroke among women ages 18-49 years by well-designed analytic epidemiological research. It led to withdrawal of all products containing PPA in the US and many other countries since 2000. However, the association between PPA and cerebral hemorrhage could not be confirmed by the case-control study conducted in Mexico due to inappropriate recruitment of control group. CONCLUSIONS: During several years case reports have suggested that hemorrhagic stroke could be induced by PPA, and the Yale Hemorrhagic Stroke Project revealed the association by case-control study and provided a useful model for pharmacovigilance. Nevertheless, their finding could not be applied to other population such as elderly women and male population. And they could not provide any evidence on the association between PPA and stroke when PPA was used as cold remedy taken daily dose below 100mg.
Aged ; Appetite Depressants ; Blood Pressure ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Japan ; Korea ; Male ; Mexico ; Pharmacoepidemiology ; Pharmacovigilance ; Phenylpropanolamine* ; Prescriptions ; Stroke* ; Vasculitis

Health belief is an important factor influencing the performance of health behaviors. Young adulthood is a critical period to establish health beliefs and behaviors for a healthy life. As health professionals, nurses can help young people establish more positive health beliefs and carry out health behaviors more effectively. But before attempting to help them, it is necessary to identify their health beliefs and behaviors. The purpose of this study was to identify the health beliefs and health behaviors of university students in Korea. Subjects for this study were 2000 students from 10 universities, but data from only 1605 subjects was included in the analysis. Data were collected from May 5th, 1998 to June 21th, 1998. Instruments used in this study were two tools to measure 'health beliefs' and 'performance of health behaviors' that had been developed and used in previous research. Cronbach's alphas were .8737 for the tool for health beliefs and .8385 for the tool for health behaviors. The results of this study are as follows. (1) Average score of the subjects was 117.68 for health belief and 95.15 for performance of health behaviors. (2) There was a significant correlation between the health belief and the performance of health behaviors(r= .419). (3) School year, major, health status, and experience of disease in the students were important factors in the explanation of health belief(28.8%). (4) Health belief, major, health status, school year, sex, age, experience of disease in family members were important factors in the explanation of the performance of health behaviors (21.2%).
Critical Period (Psychology) ; Health Behavior* ; Health Occupations ; Humans ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Polydactyly

PURPOSE: Cyclosporin is used in children with immune-mediated diseases, chronic disease, organ transplantation, or malignancy. These diseases often require a higher dose of cyclosporin, and cyclosporin displayed neurotoxicity of the central nervous system (CNS) neurotoxicity. Especially, cyclosporin-induced seizures often represent a physical threat to patients. And, the adverse effects of cyclosporin on CNS are considered. METHODS: The study was done with Sprague-Dawley rats(14-21 days), weighting from 28.7 g to 49.2 g. The animal were kept in-groups with mother rat in cages, and had free access to food and tap water. The temperature of the animal room is room temperature. Hippocampal slices were taken. Hippocampal slices were exposed to cyclosporin dissolved by 0.1% DMSO(Dimethyl sulfoxide). Then, we began to record electrical activity of slices every 10 minutes in low calcium environment. We observed the frequency and duration of electrical activity. RESULTS: The mean duration and frequency of cyclosporin 3M-treated ictal activity was 35.51.4 seconds and 133.017.9. These results were significantly different compared to the control group. The mean duration and frequency in cyclosporin 3M-treated interictal activity was 116.444.4 seconds, 63.635.8. There were no significant differences in the duration and frequency of onset in cyclosporin 3M-treated interictal activity compared with control showing interictal activity. The mean duration of latency time of onset in cyclosporin 3M-treated interictal activity was 166.229.8 seconds(n=9), and there was a significant difference in the latency of onset time in cyclosporin 3M-treated interictal activity compared with control showing interictal activity. CONCLUSION: Although cyclosporin neurotoxicity is well recognized, and the exact mechanism of cyclosporin neurotoxicity is still unclear, cyclosporin neurotoxicity is present under hypocalcemia. And, our results suggest that careful usage of cyclosporin in clinical conditions with hypocalcemia is required to avoid cyclosporin neurotoxicity.
Animals ; Brain* ; Calcium ; Central Nervous System ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Cyclosporine* ; Humans ; Hypocalcemia ; Mothers ; Organ Transplantation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Seizures ; Transplants ; Water

The incidence of gastric cancer is high in old age group and low in young age group, extremely rare in child age. So the diagnosis of gastric cancer in young age is often delayed, and this, with other factors such as poorly differentiated histopathologic tendency and rapid growing nature, makes the prognosis poorer than in other age guoup. Therefore it should always be remembered that the young who has gastric symptom may have malignancy in his stomach in spite of the age. We report a case of early gastric cancer in a 16-years old male with the review of the literature.
Adolescent ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prognosis ; Stomach ; Stomach Neoplasms*

We reviewed the medical records of 23 boys with surgically and pathologically proved monorchism. A striking laterality to the left side was identified. In 75 per cent of patients wolffian structures were present. These findings strongly suggest that in most instances of monorchism a testis had been present and had undergone subsequent in utero degeneration. Despite of various diagnostic technique for searching testes, we believe that surgical exploration continues to be the most reliable and more direct approach to the diagnosis and treatment of monorchism.
Diagnosis ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Strikes, Employee ; Testis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to systematically review and identify factors relevant to the positive psychological capital of clinical nurses. METHODS: These was no limit on year of publication. Articles related to Korean clinical nurses were retrieved from computerized database using a manual search. A systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA flow. The total correlational effect size (ESr) for each related factor was calculated from Fisher's Zr. Funnel plots, fail-safe numbers, and Egger regression tests were used to evaluate publication bias in meta-analysis studies. The correlational effect size of 25 studies was analyzed through meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software 3.0 (CMA). RESULTS: The review included 25 studies. In the systematic review, 14 demographic factors and 46 organizational factors were found to be influential. Eleven factors (6 demographic factors and 5 organizational factors) were appropriate for meta-analysis. The overall effect size was .26. The demographic total correlation effect size of related factors was .20 and the total effect size of organization was .46. Organizational commitment (ESr=.38) and job satisfaction (ESr=.54) were statistically positively related variables. Negative variables were burnout (ESr=−.61), turnover intention (ESr=−.41) and workplace bullying (ESr=−.33). The total effect size of the organizational factors was larger than the demographic total effect size. There was no publication bias except for demographic variables. CONCLUSION Organizational factors and adjustable variables have a significant impact on positive psychological capital. The results of this study support the need for development of interventions focusing on organizational factors.