The development of the arthroscopic surgery technique presented a great method in the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament. There were many debates about the timing of reconstruction in the acute anterior cruciate ligament injury. However, it was regarded true that primary reconstruction in the acute phase have higher complication rate of arthrofibrosis than in the chronic phase. Many authors recommended delay of reconstruction at least 3 weeks in acute tear of anterior cruciate ligament. In contrast, some surgeons have tried to suture the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament accompanied by 'over-the-top' augmentation with the hamstring tendon or the artificial ligament arthroscopically. Since Jan. 1992, the authors have implanted the synthetic polyester ligament(ABC ligament; Surgicraft, U.K.) into the substance of ruptured ligament proper and fixed at the 'over-the-top' position without any procedure for repair of the ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. Our indication for this surgery is only acute rupture of anterior cruciate ligament with good stump condition. We report the clinical results of 22 cases at 20.3 months follow-up(mean) preliminarily. l. On measurement of pre-operative and post-operative differences between the normal and the affected side by Telos stress X-ray study and KT-2000 arthrometer. Differences were markedly improved from 5.6mm(mean: pre-op) to 1.9mm(mean: post-op) on Telos stress X-ray study(on 15 Kp stress) and both knee showed minimal differences on KT-2000 study(2.2mm on 9Kp, 2.5mm on maximum stress) at the time of follow-up. 2. The average Lysholm score was 82. By Clancy criteria, the 20 cases(91%) showed good and excellent results. 3. Second look arthroscopy was available in three cases. In two cases, there were marked fibrous proliferation around the ligament. The stability felt good on probing. We could observe healing-like appearance of ruptured ACL with minimal fibrous tissue proliferation in one another case.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament ; Arthroscopy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Polyesters ; Rupture ; Surgeons ; Sutures ; Tears ; Tendons

In the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture, it should be considered that it can often accompany injuries of the collateral ligament, both cruciate ligament, and the menisci of the knee. Moreover it is necessary to restore anatomical congruity of the articular surface accurately. We performed reduction of the depressed articular fragment under monitoring of arthroscopy and fixed with cannulated cancellous screws and accompanied by bone graft under the control of image intensifier in 2 cases of Type I(Pure cleavage) and 3 cases of type II(cleavage with depression) fractures. The results were very satisfactory. Arthroscopy assisted reduction and fixation are very useful method in the treatment of proximal tibial condyle fracture because of (1) the minimized operative morbidity, (2) the ability to evaluate and manage associated intraarticular pathology simultaneously, (3) the rapid rehabilitation, (4) the achievement of good reduction comparable to open reduction.
Arthroscopy ; Collateral Ligaments ; Knee ; Ligaments ; Methods ; Pathology ; Rehabilitation ; Transplants

Owing to the advancement of imaging techniques which include the CT scan, it became easier to evaluate fracture patterns of calcaneal fractures accurately. Moreover, it is possible to obtain good results with operative treatment as a consequence of the development of good operative equipment and new operative technique. In 1988, Regazzoni and Benirschke in 1990, recommended L-shaped extensive lateral approach for calcaneus which provide extensive exposure of calcaneus and so allow easier reduction and fixation. We carried out L-shaped extensive lateral approach in 11 cases from June, 1993 to April, 1994. This approach did not produce any skin problems and allowed excellent anatomical reduction and fixation. But we experienced some severe causalgia on the heel region in several cases. We tried to analyse the cause of pain and concluded that it was the damage to the lateral calcaneal branch of the sural nerve. We are reporting the problems of tbis approach.
Calcaneus ; Causalgia ; Heel ; Skin ; Sural Nerve ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Menetrier's disease is a rare, characterized by the presence of large rugal folds involving part or all of the stomach. Patients with hypertrophic gastropathy often have distressing abdominal symptoms, weight loss, and edema due to gastric protem loss. A 64 year old male patient was admitted with the chief complaint of epigastric discomfort. Endoscopic, radiologic and histologic examination, revealed characteristic findings of Menetrier's disease. A case of Menetrier's disease is reported with a brief review of literature.
Edema ; Gastritis, Hypertrophic* ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Stomach ; Weight Loss

OBJECTIVES: Peptic ulcer is the major condition that affect numerous individuals every year. In 1983, Warren and Marshall presented the evidence that H. pylori was associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer. Thereafter, K. pylori infection is thought to be a important factor in the pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer. In western studies, about 58% to 100% of patients with peptic ulcer disease were infected with H. pylori. But in Korea, there is no study about the prevalence of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer disease despite of its high prevalence and importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori infection in case of gastric and duodenal ulcer disease in Korea. METHODS: We surveyed the prevalence of H. pylori infection of 1031 patients, who were diagnosed as gastric or duodenal ulcer by gastrofiberoscopy. H. pylori infection was evaluated with Rapid Urease Test(CLO test) and/or histology by Wright-Giemsa staining. RESULTS: 1) Peptic ulcer was more frequently developed in males than females, as the frequency of peptic ulcer was 77% in males, and 23% in females. But in view of the prevalence of H. pylori infection, there was no significant difference between males and females, 73% in males and 71% in females. 2) Gastric ulcer was most common in sixth decade(29.8%), but the prevalence of H. pylori infection was peak in fourth(76%), and fifth decade (73%). 3) Duodenal ulcer was most common in fourth decade(26.3%), but the prevalence of H. pylori infection was peak in teenagers(93%) and third decade(87%). 4) The patients who had both gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer concurrently were most common in sixth decade(27.9%), but the prevalence of H, pylori infection was peak in third decade(100%). CONCLUSION: We concluded that the majority of peptic ulcer patients in Korea had H. pylori infection. Particularly, young aged patients had higher H. pylori infection rate than old aged.
Duodenal Ulcer* ; Female ; Gastritis ; Helicobacter pylori* ; Helicobacter* ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Peptic Ulcer ; Prevalence* ; Prospective Studies* ; Stomach Ulcer* ; Urease

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) is commonly used in patients with variceal bleeding. However, this procedure is contraindicated in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with portal vein thrombosis. This study was done to evaluate the effect of TIPS in those patients with variceal bleeding. METHODS: Between 1997 and 2004, six hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein thrombosis were enrolled in this study due to their variceal bleeding. All the patients underwent TIPS placement to treat the variceal bleeding that had not responded to endoscopic treatment. Effective shunt creation was assessed by the decrease of the portal pressure gradient (less than 12 mmHg) or if good patency and flow were seen on a doppler examination. RESULTS: Shunts were successfully created in all the patients and the bleeding was immediately controlled in the active bleeding cases. The bleeding was caused by esophageal varices in one patient and, by gastric varices in five patients. The HCC types were diffuse or massive in five patients, and a single nodule was present in one patient. All the patients had portal vein thrombosis. Rebleeding was noted in two patients at 10 days and 3 months, respectively, due to the shunt occlusion. Hepatic encephalopathy was noted in two patients. The causes of death were hepatorenal syndrome after 2 weeks in one patient, bleeding due to portal hypertensive gastropathy after 3 weeks in another, and cancer progression after 4 months in third patient. CONCLUSIONS: For HCC patients with portal vein thrombosis, TIPS can be an effective treatment modality if uncontrolled variceal bleeding presents when using endoscopic hemostasis or pharmacologic therapy. However, further studies are needed.
Adult ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*complications ; English Abstract ; Esophageal and Gastric Varices/complications/*therapy ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/*therapy ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms/*complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Portal Vein ; *Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic ; Venous Thrombosis/*complications

BACKGROUND: Headache is one of the most common symptoms having experienced by many people. High school girls are expected to experience headache very often. Their proper treatment and adequate medical service is doubtful, and stressful environment of the Korean high school will augment the chronicity of headache. Knowing the forms of headache and categorizing the headache according to headache classification system is important for proper treatment of headache. Types of headache in high school girls have been categorized using International Headache Society (IHS) system. The relationships of headache with Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Family APGAR score of the headache groups and control group are investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to attribute to the treatment of the headache in female youths. METHODS: The questionnaires .on headache, under direct interviews, was given to each high school girls in Seoul, from March 1 to 31, 1999. The headache group was subclassified into migraine group, tension headache group and other headache group, using IHS system. Furthermore, the migraine group was subclassified into migraine with aura (classic migraine), migraine without aura (common migraine) and other migronous disorder. The students who had not experienced any headaches during the recent one year have been selected as the normal group. The normal group was compared with the headache group, i.e., tension headache and migraine. Depressed tendency was assessed using the BDI; and family function was evaluated by Family APGAR. The data are analyzed using SPSS 8.0. RESULTS: Among the subjects, 304 (60.4%) high school girls had experienced a headache during the previous one year. The girls with migraine, tension headache, and other types of headache were 110 (38%), 81 (27%) and 113 (35%), respectively. The migraine group showed higher BDI scores (p<0.01). Also, the migraine group showed more depressiveness than the normal group (p<0.01), according to the scores on the BDI which were greater than the cutting score of 21. In the Family APGAR, there was no significant difference between the headache groups and the normal group.(P>0.05) CONCLUSIONS: When the headache in high school girls was classified by using IHS system, headache in the migraine group was more prevalent than in the tension headache group and normal group. And the migraine group had more depressive tendency. When physicians deal with the headache in high school girls, they need to be aware of migraine headache and associated depressive tendency.
Adolescent ; Apgar Score ; Classification ; Depression ; Female* ; Headache* ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Migraine with Aura ; Migraine without Aura ; Seoul ; Tension-Type Headache ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: Clevudine is an effective antiviral nucleoside analogue, but there are few data regarding its long-term effects, resistance, and safety. The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term clinical efficacy of clevudine over a 1-year treatment period in nucleos(t)ide-naive and lamivudine-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients. METHODS: Nucleos(t)ide-naive (group A, n=196) and lamivudine-experienced (serum hepatitis B virus, HBV DNA >2,000 copies/mL without resistant mutants at the start of clevudine therapy, group B, n=75) patients were included in this study. Basic clinical characteristics including age, sex, the presence of cirrhosis, laboratory data, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBeAg) positivity were similar between the two groups. Pretreatment serum levels of HBV DNA were 7.4 and 6.6 log10 copies/mL (P<0.001). The mean treatment duration was 8 months for both groups (range for group A: 3-21 months; range for group B: 3-20 months). Genotypic analysis for resistant mutations in the reverse transcriptase of HBV was performed after viral breakthrough. RESULTS: After 1 year of therapy, 75.0% and 51.9% of groups A and B, respectively, had HBV DNA levels of <2,000 copies/mL (P=0.032), and HBeAg seroconversion rates were 16.9% and 16.7%, respectively. The rates of viral breakthrough at 1 year were 10.0% (8/80) and 44.4% (12/27), respectively (P<0.001). Proven sites of mutation of HBV DNA polymerase in naive patients were, for example, L80I, L180M, A181V/T, M204I and V207I. Ten patients complained of prominent fatigue and revealed elevated serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Two of these patients presented with severe myopathy from which they recovered completely after quitting clevudine. CONCLUSIONS: Clevudine is one of the recommended first-line medicines for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B, but it is not free from resistance, particularly in patients with a history of previous lamivudine treatment, but also in naive patients. Clevudine should be avoided in previously lamivudine-exposed patients. In addition, reelevation of serum AST and CPK levels is not a rare occurrence, and close observation and follow-up tests are essential.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Arabinofuranosyluracil/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; Genotype ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Lamivudine/*therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics

BACKGROUND: Vasoconstrictor-induced reduction in arterial graft diameter can cause significant flow deprivation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of vasodilator pretreatment on vasoconstrictor-induced blood vessel spasm in vitro. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Rabbit brachial arteries (BA) and celiac arteries (CA) were cut into rings (3~4 mm) and suspended with a force displacement transducer (TSD 125C(R), Biopac Inc. USA) in a tissue bath filled with 5 mL modified Krebs solution bubbled with 5% CO2 and 95% O2 at 38degrees C. The rings were contracted with vasoconstrictors, and the developed tension changes were considered control values. The rings were then pretreated with 30micrometer nitroglycerin, nicardipine, verapamil, and papaverine, respectively, for 40 minutes and rinsed with the physiologic buffered salt solution three times every 15 min. The vasoconstrictor-induced tension changes after the previous procedure were considered experimental values. Data are expressed as the percentage tension induced by vasoconstrictors before and after pretreatment with vasodilators. RESULT: Nicardipine depressed vasoconstriction induced by norepinephrine, angiotensin II (AII), and U46619 in both the BA and the CA more significantly than did nitroglycerin (p<0.01) and verapamil (p<0.05). Verapamil depressed vasoconstriction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), AII, and U46619 in the BA and by 5HT in the CA more significantly than did nitroglycerin (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that both nicardipine and verapamil effectively depressed vasoconstrictor action. Nicardipine is thought to be more effective than verapamil for the prevention of vasoconstrictor action.
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid ; Angiotensin II ; Baths ; Blood Vessels ; Brachial Artery ; Celiac Artery ; Contracts ; Displacement (Psychology) ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Isotonic Solutions ; Nicardipine ; Nitroglycerin ; Norepinephrine ; Papaverine ; Serotonin ; Spasm ; Transducers ; Transplants ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasoconstrictor Agents ; Vasodilator Agents ; Verapamil

Sweet's syndrome (SS), also known as acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is characterized by the sudden onset of painful erythematous skin lesions together with fever and neutrophilia. SS can be associated with several disorders, such as malignancy, autoimmune disease, and infections. However, SS associated with liver cirrhosis is uncommon. We report a case of SS in a patient who was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis caused by chronic hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications/*diagnosis ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis/*diagnosis/etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neutrophils/immunology/pathology ; Skin Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology ; Sweet Syndrome/*diagnosis/pathology ; Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed