Sinus is a cavity within a bone. Most are commonly found in the bones of the face. Specially, paranasal sinuses are air cavities in the cranial bones, especially those near the nose. They include the frontal sinuses, the ethmoid sinuses, the sphenoid sinuses and the maxillary sinuses. There are many types of sinus disease. They are classified as acute (quick onset) and chronic (over a long period of time). Besides, there are several other types of sinus diseases due to fungus and polyps. Sinus tumors also happen although it is relatively uncommon. Navigation software for general sinus surgery has been developed and are being used in the operation room. However, there are still many blind regions in the sinus area by using conventional straight type endoscope and devices. To cope with such a problem, flexible endoscope and devices are being developed along with advanced navigation algorithms. In this review, many research activities associated with computer-aided sinus surgery are discussed.
Endoscopes ; Ethmoid Sinus ; Frontal Sinus ; Fungi ; Maxillary Sinus ; Nose ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Polyps ; Sphenoid Sinus

Sinus is a cavity within a bone. Most are commonly found in the bones of the face. Specially, paranasal sinuses are air cavities in the cranial bones, especially those near the nose. They include the frontal sinuses, the ethmoid sinuses, the sphenoid sinuses and the maxillary sinuses. There are many types of sinus disease. They are classified as acute (quick onset) and chronic (over a long period of time). Besides, there are several other types of sinus diseases due to fungus and polyps. Sinus tumors also happen although it is relatively uncommon. Navigation software for general sinus surgery has been developed and are being used in the operation room. However, there are still many blind regions in the sinus area by using conventional straight type endoscope and devices. To cope with such a problem, flexible endoscope and devices are being developed along with advanced navigation algorithms. In this review, many research activities associated with computer-aided sinus surgery are discussed.
Endoscopes ; Ethmoid Sinus ; Frontal Sinus ; Fungi ; Maxillary Sinus ; Nose ; Paranasal Sinuses ; Polyps ; Sphenoid Sinus

No abstract available.
Surgery, Computer-Assisted*

PURPOSE: To obtain the normal standard of the electrocardiogram(ECG) in newborn infants, METHODS: Standard 12-lead ECG recordings of 146 healthy neonates of gestational age above 30 weeks recorded in 24 hours after birth were analyzed for the following parameters: heart rate, QRS axis, PR interval, QTc interval, R and S wave amplitude. RESULTS: The mean gestational age of preterm(between 30 and 37 weeks) and term infants was 33.2 +/-2.4 and 38.4+/-3.2 weeks, and the mean birth weight was 2,168+/-371 g and 3,254+/-436 g, respectively. There was no meaningful difference between two groups in heart rate, PR interval, QTc interval, and QRS axis. Amplitudes of R waves in V1>-V6 leads and S waves in V2, V3 and V5 leads in term baby group were significantly larger than those in preterm baby group. The sum of amplitudes of R and S waves was largest in V2. The amplitude of combined R+S waves in V2 and V3 leads was significantly larger than that in V5 and V6 leads in both groups. This difference was more prominent in tbaby group. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the increase in cardiac muscular mass and progressive right ventricular predominance are in accordance with the increase in gestational age.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Birth Weight ; Electrocardiography* ; Gestational Age ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Parturition

PURPOSE: Post-stroke seizures and epilepsy were mainly studied in adults. Selected groups of children with stroke were studied to evaluate the incidence of seizures and epilepsy and the risk factors of epilepsy after stroke. METHODS: Seventy consecutive stroke children younger than 15 years of age were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate the incidence, times, causes of epilepsy and the risk factors epilepsy after stroke. The number and location of the lesion as imaged on the CT scan, and MRI scan were determined. RESULTS: Epilepsy after stroke was diagnosed in 38(54.3%) of 70 stroke patients:16 (45.7%) of 35 with hemorrhagic stroke and 22(62.9%) of 35 with ischemic stroke. Arteriovenous malformation(18), vitamin K deficiency(7), hemophilia(5) were frequent causes in hemorrhagic stroke, and idiopathic(15), moyamoya disease(11), hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia-epilepsy syndrome(6) were frequent in ischemic stroke. No statistically significant differences were noted with relation to sex, type of stroke, number of the lobar lesions, between cortical and subcortical lesions and onset time of initial seizure. Epilepsy developed more often in patients who had lesions located in the left cerebral hemisphere (76.7%) than on the right(42.3%)(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Epilepsy developed more often in children who had lesion located in left cerebral hemisphere. No statistically significant differences noted in relation to sex, type of stroke, number of the lobar lesions and between cortical and subcortical lesions.
Adult ; Cerebrum ; Child* ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Seizures ; Stroke* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vitamin K

Tuberculous menigitis is relatively common disease and delay in treatment is associated with many neurologic sequelae. Of the neurologic disorder, diabets insipidus is extreamly rare. Diabetes insipidus is a syndrome characterized by the excretion of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine. It is divided into central diabets insipidus, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, primary polydipsia and gestational daibetes insipidus. In this four type of diabetes insipidus, central diabetes insipidus is a polyuric disorder results from a lack of sufficient antidiuretic hormone to effect appropriate concentration of the urine for water conservration. We report a 25-year old male who had prolonged head ache and subsequently followed by polyuria. He was dia gonsed as the tuberculous meningitis by laboratory find ing and smear of CSF, and diagnosed central diabetes insipidus by serum osmolality & Na+ & AVP (arginine va sopressin), urine osmolality & specific gravity, adminis tration of vasopressin. He maintained the water balance of body by administration of vasopressin, but without im provement of mental status, sudden cardiac arrest occurs on 20th hospital day
Adult ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Diabetes Insipidus* ; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic ; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Nervous System Diseases ; Osmolar Concentration ; Polydipsia, Psychogenic ; Polyuria ; Specific Gravity ; Tuberculosis, Meningeal* ; Vasopressins ; Water

PURPOSE: Colonoscopy is one of the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic tools for colorectal diseases. We aim to propose a master-slave robotic colonoscopy that is controllable in remote site using conventional colonoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The master and slave robot were developed to use conventional flexible colonoscopy. The robotic colonoscopic procedure was performed using a colonoscope training model by one expert endoscopist and two unexperienced engineers. To provide the haptic sensation, the insertion force and the rotating torque were measured and sent to the master robot. RESULTS: A slave robot was developed to hold the colonoscopy and its knob, and perform insertion, rotation, and two tilting motions of colonoscope. A master robot was designed to teach motions of the slave robot. These measured force and torque were scaled down by one tenth to provide the operator with some reflection force and torque at the haptic device. The haptic sensation and feedback system was successful and helpful to feel the constrained force or torque in colon. The insertion time using robotic system decreased with repeated procedures. CONCLUSION: This work proposed a robotic approach for colonoscopy using haptic feedback algorithm, and this robotic device would effectively perform colonoscopy with reduced burden and comparable safety for patients in remote site.
*Algorithms ; Colonoscopes ; Colonoscopy/instrumentation/*methods ; Equipment Design ; *Feedback ; Humans ; Robotics/*methods ; Torque

The interventional procedure is a percutaneous treatment modality using various devices such as a guide-wire and a catheter under a minimal incision. It is usually done under a fluoroscopy (X-ray radiography) guidance, therefore the operator would be exposed to X-ray irradiation. Recently, a new procedure using a master-slave robotic system is proposed for the intervention procedure, especially in the era of vascular disease. Many state of art intervention robots are under development and this approach can drastically reduce radiation exposure by replacing human effort by a robotic system for high radiation exposure procedures. However, robotic intervention is still more expensive and needs more efficient end effector and easier human interface for a safer and faster procedure. This article provides a comprehensive summary of vascular intervention and necessity of the vascular intervention robot system.
Catheters* ; Fluoroscopy ; Humans ; Radiation Exposure ; Vascular Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical validity of gugging swallowing screen (GUSS) scale in comparison with the findings of videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) for subacute and chronic stroke patients, though GUSS was developed in order to screen dysphagia in acute stroke patients. METHOD: The subjects of this study were thirty-five patients who had stroke for more than 3 months and were showing the symptom of dysphagia. GUSS, VFSS and clinical examination were performed respectively by three different physiatrists. These tests were performed at intervals of 24 hours or less. The result of GUSS was compared with videofluoroscopic dysphagia scale (VDS) based on VFSS, Clinical dysphagia scale (CDS), and ASHA scale based on clinical patterns. RESULTS: The result of GUSS was in a significant correlation with VDS, CDS, and ASHA scale (p<0.01). GUSS predicted aspiration very efficiently (area under the curve=0.928; 95% CI, 0.833 to 1.022). The cutoff value of 12 point showed sensitivity of 89.5%, specificity of 87.5%, and negative predictability of 87.5%. CONCLUSION: The GUSS is considered as an effective and convenient screening tool to evaluate stroke patients with dysphagia irrespective of stroke stages.
Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Stroke

PURPOSE: We evaluated the prognostic significance of p53 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) in stage III gastric carcinoma to determine the correlation between the p53 and PCNA expression and various clinicopathological parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of p53 and PCNA were studied immunohistochemically in 64 cases of stage III gastric carcinomas with paraffin-embedded tissue specimens which were obtained surgically at the department of surgery, Presbyterian Medical Center from 1991 to 1992. Both expression were compared with known factors of prognosis. Survival rate and other clinicopathological parameters were analysed. RESULTS: Expression rates of p53 and high PCNA group were 40.6% and 26.6%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the p53 and PCNA expression and various clinicopathological variables such as age, sex, stage, histology, tumor depth, number of metastatic node, tumor size, site and method of operation. To analyse survival, we evaluated overall survival according to the extent of p53 and PCNA expression. No significant correlations between the p53 and PCNA expression and overall survival were found. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the p53 and PCNA expression seems to be hard to use as a prognostic indicator in stage III gastric carcinoma.
Prognosis ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen* ; Protestantism ; Survival Rate