Ischemia and reperfusion of skeletal muscle occurs in acute vascular occlusion and revascularization, in elective vascular surgery, in upper and lower extremity surgery by means of a tourniquet, and in free transplantation of muscle containing cutaneous flaps. During revascularization of skeletal muscle after ischemia, lipid mediators, mainly eicosanoids are released that may have a role in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury. The exact role of eicosanoids in the imposed ischemia-reperfusion induced functional deficits in skeletal muscle is still unknown, we compared tissue edema and the changes of eicosanoids and the effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin in the rat right hindlimb by application of tourniquet ischemia-reperfusionn injury. After 4-hours of ischemia, reperfusion was established 4 hours by releasing tourniquet. Experimental groups comparised ischemia-reperfused animals pretreated with indomethacin 20 mg/kg. The control animals received normal saline, 4 hours of ischemia without reperfusion. To assess tissue edema, wet/dry weight ratios were determined and the concentrations of prostaglandins and thromboxane were measured by the high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector at 195 nm. Ischemia itself did not result in muscle edema and did not increase the release of cyclooxygenase metabolites, but muscle edema(52%, p<0.01), and the relase of 6-keto-PGFalpha(151%, p<0.01), thromboxane B2(98%, p<0.05), and PGE2(127%, p<0.01) were significantly increased by reperfusion. Indomethacin treatment ameliorated limb edema(35%, p<0.05 versus ischemis-reperfusion control) and decreased 6-keto-PGF1alpha(65%, p<0.05) releases. These results support view that cyclooxygenase products may play significant roles in the formation of ischemic muscle edema and suggest that nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents and eicosanoids antagonists might be beneficial to the management of acute limb ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Edema* ; Eicosanoids* ; Extremities ; Hindlimb ; Indomethacin ; Ischemia* ; Lower Extremity ; Muscle, Skeletal* ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Prostaglandins ; Rats* ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Reperfusion* ; Tourniquets

No abstract available.
Gonadal Dysgenesis, Mixed*

The concentrations of Sodium and Potassium were measured by flame photometer in the human for milk obtained at clostral(1st 5days postpartum), early transitional (2nd 5days postpartum), late transitional (11th to 29th day postpartum) and mature milk period (1to 15 months postportum) from 92 healthy nursing mothers who delivered at term. The results were summerized as follows: 1) The concentrations of Na and K at different stages of lactation showed the highest value in colostrum, tended to decrease therafter and maintained the lowest and nearly constant value in mature milk(.01 2) Average Na and K concentrations(Mean+/-S.D., mEq/L) at different stages of lactation were colostrum : 20.8+/-4.47, 15.9+/-3.17, early transitional milk : 15.3+/-4.73, 14.2+/-3.03, late transitional milk : 11.7+/-4.28, 12.8+/-3.40, and mature milk : 8.1+/-3.59, 11.2+/-2.88 respectively. 3) The content of Na and K among primi-and multiparae showed the highest value in colostrum, also tended to decrease therafter, and maintained the lowest value in mature milk. No statistical significance was found between the concentrations of Na and K at different stages of lactation between primi-and multiparae(p>.05). 4) Definite inverse relationship could be established between Na and K concentrations and days of lactation(Na:r=-0.6, p<.001, K:r=0.4, p<.001). 5) The Mean Na and K concentration in late transitional milk showed the most consistent percentage decrease that in colostrum.
Colostrum ; Female ; Humans* ; Lactation* ; Milk ; Milk, Human* ; Mothers ; Nursing ; Potassium ; Sodium

During the microsurgery or during the postoperative period, the occurrence of the vascular spasm increases the failure rate of microvascular anastomosis,and in cases of trauma, the thrombogenic possibility is increased by the endothelial damage. The author thought that the vascular freezing of crushed vessels could improve the patency rate of microvascular anastomosis. Vascular freezing destroys most of the cells in the intima and media. There by causing degeneration of adrenergic fibers. Even though regeneration occurs after 2-3 weeks, regeneration in the smooth muscle layer is still incomplete. So vascular freezing has beneficial effects on relief of vasospasm. Fifteen Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 300 g each were inflicted with crushing injury on the femoral arteries of the right side and the crushing injury with vascular freezing on the femoral arteries of the left side. The gross and histologic findings, as well as the patency rates, were observed at the postoperative 2nd, 10th, and 30th day,and the results were compared between the crushed and crush-freezing groups. The left side (crush-freezing group) showed less vasospasm and less thrombogenesis than the right side (crushed group). There were no significant differences in the patency rate between the crushed group and crush-freezing group. Vascular freezing is suggested to be effective on a potentially thrombogenic, endothelial damaged vessel as a prophylactic treatment method against vasospasm. Clinical application of vascular freezing awaits further experimentation.
Adrenergic Fibers ; Endothelium* ; Femoral Artery ; Freezing* ; Microsurgery ; Muscle, Smooth ; Postoperative Period ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Regeneration ; Spasm

No Abstract Available.
Female ; Mammaplasty*

The retraction of anterior teeth is one of the fundamental methods in orthodontic treatment and a proper position and angulation of anterior teeth after the retraction are very important for esthetics, stability, and function of teeth. In this research we analyzed, by Finite Element Method, the stress distribution on the periodontal ligament according to the variation of force and moment applied on the crown and predict the pattern of movement of maxillary central incisor. At the same time, the amount of force and moment caused by activation of the loop which was used for retraction of maxillary central incisor was analyzed by Finite Element Method. We observed the following results: 1) We could control the stress distribution on the periodontal ligament by proper moment/force ratio on maxillary right central incisor and predict the pattern of movement of maxillary right central incisor. 2) The amount of stress on the periodontal ligament as well as the moment/force ratio demanded by each pattern of movement increased as the destruction of alveolar bone was worse. 3) The moment/force ratio demanded by each pattern of movement decreased as the angle between the maxillary central incisor and occlusal plane decreased. 4) The force with the open loop was shown to be large compared to that with the closed loop. Also, the force with the helix decreased by 30% compared to that without the helix. 5) Under the same conditions we observed a larger moment/force ratio when the open loop and/or the helix were used.
Crowns ; Dental Occlusion ; Esthetics ; Incisor* ; Periodontal Ligament ; Tooth

UUse of the gastrocnemius muscle flap has proven to be highly effective in reconstruction of knee and lower leg defect due to its easy procedure, anatomical consistency, and less donor site morbidity.The gastrocnemius muscle is anatomically spindle shape, the volume of the distal part of the muscle for coverage is actually quite small and also even smaller when disuse atrophy is accompanied due to trauma. Although the defect is inside flap's arc of rotation, it is out of gastrocnemius muscle flap's indication when the defect size is extensive, and even though the defect is small, it is also out of indication when the defect is a bit out of arc of rotation. There has been a lot of modification to increase the flap's arc of rotation or dimension. However, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results due to limitation and expense in clinical application. Authors used, for soft tissue reconstruction on broader area, gastrocnemius musculo-adipofascial flap, rather than classical gastrocnemius muscle flap, based on the fascial plexus of gastrocnemius muscle. We obtained a good result in lower extremity reconstruction of 7 cases from March 1999 to July 2000 and report this result with several cases.
Humans ; Knee ; Leg ; Lower Extremity* ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscular Disorders, Atrophic ; Tissue Donors

BACKGROUND: Cleft lip and palate deformity have unknown patterns of maxillofacial growth and development. The maxillofacial growth can be affected either by congenital or environmental factors such as infection and trauma. Surgical repair of cleft lip and palate may interfere the subsequent growth and development of maxillofacial region. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of maxillofacial growth patterns in adult cleft lip and palate patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The material for this study consisted of 17 adult male patients with cleft lip and palate. Cephalometric tracing and measurements were done by one investigator. The relationship between 17 cleft lip and palate patients and Korean norms were evaluated statistically. RESULTS: There were statistically difference in Na, perpendicular to point A, SNA angle, effective maxillary length, maxillofacial differencial, Wit's appraisal and upper incisor to point A (p < 0.01). Pogonion to Na. perpendicular also statistically differed (p < 0.05). Other measurements didn't statistically differ. CONCLUSION: It was evident that in adult cleft lip and palate patients, maxilla was retruded and short. Careful cleft lip and palate repair and treatment are recommended for facilitating normal growth of maxilla.
Adult* ; Cleft Lip* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Incisor ; Male ; Maxilla ; Palate* ; Research Personnel

The purpose of this case report is to evaluate the visual outcome of an intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection (IVTA) as a treatment for a patient with acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). A 65-year-old male patient with severe visual loss due to acute NAION was treated with 4 mg/0.1mL IVTA. Fundus examination and measurements of the patient's best-corrected visual acuity and visual field were performed before and after the injection at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The best-corrected visual acuity changed from 0.05 before the injection to 0.16 at 2 weeks, 0.3 at 1 month, and 0.4 at 3 months and at the final visit. Optic disc swelling had markedly decreased at 1 week postoperatively and disappeared at 2 weeks after the injection. The clinical course of this patient suggests that an IVTA may be effective in increasing visual acuity following an acute NAION. A large randomized controlled trial is needed to assess the efficacy of IVTA as a treatment for NAION.
Acute Disease ; Aged ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fundus Oculi ; Glucocorticoids/*administration & dosage ; Humans ; Injections ; Male ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic/*drug therapy/pathology/physiopathology ; Triamcinolone Acetonide/*administration & dosage ; Visual Acuity ; Visual Fields ; Vitreous Body

For the pre-treatment prior to laser resurfacing, materials such as glycolic acid, tretinoin, and/or hydroquinone have been widely used. However, the optimal duration of pretreatment is still controversial. The authors chose guinea pig skin which is similar to human skin, pre-treated it with tretinoin and hydroquinone with different duration, and examined gross and histologic changes after performing laser resurfacing in an attempt to study the effect of pre-treatment period on CO2 laser resurfacing. Sixteen guinea pigs were divided into four groups, and the dorsal skin was pre-treated with 0.05% tretinoin cream and 4% hydroquinone for 4, 8, and 12 weeks respectively while groupI underwent no pre-treatment as control. During the pre-treatment period, the authors observed gross skin reactions, and also examined the number of epithelial layers, thickness changes, the extent of epithelial regeneration, and collagen tissue change within dermis layer with skin tissue samples before and after laser resurfacing. Compared to group I(control) which received no pre- treatment, pre-treatment groups showed rapid epithelial hyperplasia and increase in the number and thickness of squamous epithelial cells and granular cell layer. However, there was no statistically significant difference in epithelial regeneration and number and thickness of epithelial cell layer between the 4-weeks, 8-weeks, 12- weeks pretreated groups. Pre-treatment with tretinoin and hydroquinone prior to laser resurfacing helped epithelial regeneration after resurfacing, but as to the benefit of long-term pre-treatment more than 4 weeks was not necessary.
Animals ; Collagen ; Dermis ; Epithelial Cells ; Guinea Pigs* ; Guinea* ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lasers, Gas* ; Regeneration ; Skin* ; Tretinoin