M. supracostalis anterior is a rare varlation which occurs on the external aspect of the upper thoracic wall. This thin, short-like musc1e lies deep to the pectoralis major and minor muscles, and extends longitudinally over the upper four or five ribs. It is known that the muscle usually occurs bilaterally but sometimes unilaterally. In the present report, a case of unilateral (right) M.supracostalis anterior, observed in a 58-year-old man cadaver, is described. Because the muscle had not been reported in Korea, morphological characteristics and nerve innervation of the muscle were investigated. 1. M. supracostalis anterior, observed only on the right side, extended longitudinally from the first rib to the fourth rib deep to the pectoralis minor. 2. The suprarostalis anterior arose from the antero-inferior surface below the groove for subclavian vein of the first rib. After arising from the first rib, the smaller, more media part of the muscle inserted into the upper border of the fourth rib and the larger, more lateral part inserted into the upper border of the fourth rib. 3. The length of the musce is 9.9cm, and the width is 0.8cm at its origin, 1.7cm at the upper border of the third rib and 2.4cm at the upper border of the fourth rib. 4. It was confirmed, under stereomicroscope, that the muscle was innervated by the terminal branches of the nerve to the first external intercostal muscle deriving from Thl and Th2. Blood supply of the M. supracostalis anterior was provided mainly by the lateral thoracic artery arising from the axillary artery.
Axillary Artery ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Intercostal Muscles ; Korea ; Middle Aged ; Muscles ; Ribs ; Subclavian Vein ; Thoracic Arteries ; Thoracic Wall

A thorough knowledge about the branching variations of the femoral and deep femoral arteries is important in vascular reconstructive surgery of the proximal leg. The present study was done to describe the patterns of origin of the main branches of the femoral and deep femoral arteries in Koreans. The cadavers of 77 Koreans(male, 51 ; female, 26), who were 18-97 years old of time of death, were used in the present investigations and the femoral arteries of 152 sides(right side, 77 ; left side, 75) were observed. The femoral arteries of two left sides were excluded from this study because their branches were not clearly examined during dissection. The results were as follows : 1. Lateral circumflex femoral artery arose from the deep femoral artery in 78.9% and from the femoral artery in 21.1%. Significant differences between the right and left sides were not observed. 2. Medial circumflex femoral artery arose from the deep femoral artery in 77.0% and from the femoral artery in 22.4%. This artery arose more frequently from the femoral artery on the left side, and from the deep femoral artery on the right side in about a 9-10% differential respectively. In one case, the medial circumflex femoral artery arose from the lateral circumflex femoral artery on the left side. 3. The descending branch, which is normally a branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, arose from either the femoral or the deep femoral arteries in about 7% of the cases respectively. 4. The patterns of origin of the deep and circumflex femoral group of arteries were classified into 18 types. Each type is represented in three letters by using the initial of the deep femoral artery (D) or femoral artery (F) or lateral circumflex femoral artery (L) in the order of origin of the lateral circumflex femoral artery, medial circumflex femoral artery and descending branch. Types DDL(49.3%), FDL(18.4%) and DFL(15.1%) constituted the three major types on both sides. In addition, seven types (DFD, FFL, DDD, DDF, DFF, DLL and FDF) were found on the left side and three types (DDF, DDD and DFD) on the right side.
Adult* ; Arteries ; Cadaver ; Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane ; Female ; Femoral Artery* ; Humans ; Leg

A case of situs inversus totalis was observed in the cadaver of a 35 year old Korean female and the anatomical structures were investigated. The fact that she had received intestinal resection due to tuberculosis of intestines was confirmed. The results are summarized as follows : 1. All thoracic and abdominal viscera were completely transposed and in the left lower quadrant of abdomen, it was observed that the distal portion of the small intestine, cecum, appendix and part of the ascending colon had been resected. 2. Classic mirror-image dextrocardia with patent foramen ovale (large diameter, 7mm), sinusitis in the left maxillary sinus, bilateral thoracic duct, variation of the opennig site of the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct, and maldvelopment of the left adrenal gland were observed together with the sinus inversus totalis.
Abdomen ; Adrenal Glands ; Appendix ; Cadaver ; Cecum ; Colon, Ascending ; Common Bile Duct ; Dextrocardia ; Female ; Foramen Ovale, Patent ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Intestines ; Maxillary Sinus ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Sinusitis ; Situs Inversus* ; Thoracic Duct ; Tuberculosis ; Viscera

The changes in the size of human oviduct and ovary after immersion in formalin (4%, 10%) were investigated. The results were as follows : 1. After fixation, the length of oviduct was significantly reduced to 93%, but the cross sectional area of oviduct was significantly increased. The length of oviduct showed no significant difference between 4% and 10% formalin. The length of ovarian ligament was also significantly reduced to 84% after fixation. 2. After fixation, the volume of oviduct was increased significantly and showed a difference between the two fixatives. The volume of oviduct in 4% formalin has increased to 107%, as compared to 103% increase in 10% formalin. 3. After fixation, the volume of ovary was increased significantly and showed a difference between the two fixatives. The volume of ovary in 4% formalin has increased to 109%, as compared to 103% increase in 10% formalin.
Animals ; Female ; Fixatives ; Formaldehyde* ; Humans* ; Immersion* ; Ligaments ; Ovary* ; Oviducts*

The present study was performed to provide an anatomical basis of the coracoacromial (CA) arch and the articular surfaces of the scapula which can be applied to the diagnosis and treatment of some common shoulder problems. The standard dimensions and the range of variation of the CA arch, the acromial articular surface and the glenoid cavity were investigated in 114 dry scapulae obtained from 57 (male, 35 ; female, 22) Korean cadavers ranging in age from 18 to 97 years (average age of 67). The results were as follows : 1. The length (46.3mm), width(25.2mm), thickness (8.2mm) and height (4.5mm) of the acromion were measured. The length, width and thickness were significantly larger in the males. The slope of the acromion was 51.5°, and the slope of the scapular spine was 118.5°. 2. The height (13.5mm), slope of the root (138.4°) and the horizontal part (25.3°) of the coracoid process, and the angle between the root and the horizontal part (106.6°) were measured. There were no significant differences between sexes and sides in all morphometric values related to the coracoid process. 3. The length (67.6mm) and height (24.7mm) of the CA arch, the height of the CA ligament from the supraglenoid tubercle (13.1mm), and length of the CA ligament (27.6mm) were measured. Both the length and height of the CA arch and the length of the CA ligament were significantly larger in the males. The slope and anterior and posterior angles of the CA arch were 16.8°, 42.2°, and 34.7°, respectively. 4. The long (13.8mm) and short (8.0mm) diameters of the acromial articular surface were measured, and both diameters were significantly longer in the males. The acromial articular surface was 8.4mm away from the tip of the acromion and extended 1.4mm inferiorly below the inferior surface of the acromion. 5. The long (34.8mm) diameter, and superior (15.0mm), middle (19.5mm), and inferior (25.6mm) short diameters of the glenoid cavity were measured. The long and both superior and inferior short diameters were significantly longer in the males.
Acromion ; Cadaver ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Glenoid Cavity ; Humans ; Ligaments ; Male ; Scapula* ; Shoulder ; Spine

Since Whitehead had described a circular hemorrhoidectomy in 1882, many surgeons adopted it for decades for patients with protruding anal deformity. After a few decades of performing Whitehead operation, devastating complications such as anal stricture, fecal incontinence, and wet anus with mucosal eversion had been reported on the literatures and then it was buried as an abandoned procedure by surgeons for a long period. Recently, a few prominent anal surgeons reported that they could avoid such devastating complications by introducing diverse modifications of the original Whitehead's operation. The authors analyzed 22 patients who had undergone original Whitehead circular hemorrhoidectomy with the technique of preserving most of the perianal skin and W-shaped circular incision during the period from 1991 to 1996, with special regard to the com plications such as anal stricture and anal mucosal eversion which have been debated on so far and reviewed the articles about these issues. In immediate postoperative period, suture failure and resultant non-surgery requiring, mild anal stricture were documented in 3 of the 22 cases(13.6%). On long-term follow-up with the mean period of 44 months (18~79 months) in 14 cases, except those 8 cases that were lost, with phone-call questionaire, 13 patients(93%) had quite normal anal functions. The authors would like to suggest that the original Whitehead's circular hemorrhoidec tomy is a valuable surgical technique to manage the protruding anal deformity if surgeons can avoid well known complications such as anal stricture and anal mucosal eversion by choosing a correct location of initial W-shaped incision to preserve as much perianal skin as possible.
Anal Canal ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Fecal Incontinence ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemorrhoidectomy* ; Humans ; Postoperative Period ; Skin* ; Sutures

The treatment of open tibia fracture is challenging to Orthopedic Surgeon with its high infection rate and other complications. We had wound culture of open tibia fracture at emergency room in all cases, and treated using various External Fixators. The author analized the 134 cases of the open tibia fractures from March 1979 to February 1987. The average follow-up was one year. The results were as follws : 1. Type I open fracture was 23 cases, Type II 58 cases, Type IIIA 33, Type IIIB and Type IIIC was 10 cases each. The most frequent type of fracture was Type II, 58 cases by Gustilo classification. 2. The union time of Type I fracture was 6.5 months in average, and that of Type II and Type III was 9.5 months, 11.2 months. 3. Of those 52 cases whose initial culture was positive, 12 cases developed infection. The low infection rate would probably be due to combined administration of cephalosporin and firm application of external fixator to severe open tibia fractures.
Classification ; Clinical Study ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; External Fixators ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fractures, Open ; Orthopedics ; Tibia ; Wounds and Injuries

No abstract available.
Child* ; Fingers* ; Humans

We introduced a method of splitting the lamellar scleral flap(LSF) after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil(5-FU) to evaluate the postoperative wound strength which may reveal directly th6 antiproliferative effect of 5-FU. An 8-0 nylon sture was placed under the LSF at the time of trabeculectomy and both ends of the suture were drawn out from the conjunctiva. The wound strength was evaluated by pulling out the spitting suture at the end of second week after operation. Seventeen eyes of 16 patients underwent a primary trabeculectomy and placement of a splitting suture. 5-FU was injected subconjunctivally, 5 mg every other day in the eyes during postoperative two weeks. Five(50%) of ten eyes of 5-FU group resulted in LSF splitting(p=0.0407, Fisher's exact test). This result may signify that the LSF splitting suture technique will be a helpful means to investigate the effect of post-trabeculectomy wound healing modulators in the early period postoperatively.
Conjunctiva ; Fluorouracil* ; Humans ; Nylons ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures ; Trabeculectomy* ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries

We introduced a method of splitting the lamellar scleral flap (LSF) after trabeculectomy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) to evaluate the postoperative wound strength which may reveal directly the anti proliferative effect of 5-FU. An 8-0 nylon sture was placed under the LSF at the time of trabeculectomy and both ends of the suture were drawn out from the conjunctiva. The wound strength was evaluated by pulling out the spitting suture at the end of second week after operation. Seventeen eyes of 16 patients underwent a primary trabeculectomy and placement of a splitting suture. 5-fU was injected subconjunctivally, 5mg every other day in the eyes during postoperative two weeks. Five (50%) of ten eyes of 5-FU group resulted in LSF splitting (p=0.0407, Fisher's exact test). This result may signify that the LSF splitting suture technique will be a helpful means to investigate the effect of post-trabeculectomy wound healing modulators in the early period postoperatively.
Conjunctiva ; Fluorouracil* ; Humans ; Nylons ; Suture Techniques ; Sutures ; Trabeculectomy* ; Wound Healing ; Wounds and Injuries