The authors reviewed surgical materials from 20 patients with carcinoma of the extrahepatic biliary system, and a correlation between macroscopic appearance of the tumors with various clinical features and histopathologic findings was made. Microscopically, the tumors were classified into four types; Four (21%) patients had polypoid tumors, six (32%) had nodular growths, five (26%) were scirrhous constricting in type, and four (21%) had diffusely infiltrating type. Histologically all the differentiation in two cases. The degree of differentiation of the tumors was classified into 3 types: 11 (55%) patients were well differentiated, 3(15%) were moderately well and 6(30%) were poorly differentiated. All polypoid tumors were well differentiated and had low stage. No correlation in the degree of differentiation of the tumor with the stage was present. No correlation in clinical symptoms, duration of symptoms, laboratory findings with morphologic findings of the tumors was noted.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human consist of dysplasia of various developmental stages and squamous cell carcinoma in situ of various types. These lesions can be diagnosed cytologically on cervico-vaginal smears, although the diagnostic reproducibility is limited. To obtain the objects morphologic distinction between normal squamous epithelial cell in different maturation, different stages of dysplastic cells and varieties of in situ carcinoma cells, Kontron IBAS-1 imaging analyzer was applied for the measurement of nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of each categorised cells. The followings are results obtained: 1) Nuclear and cytoplasmic areas of superfical (36.9 micrometer2, 2319.9 micrometer2) intermedicate (45.7 micrometer2, 2989.7 micrometer2) and parabasal cells (50.8 micrometer2, 432.7 micrometer2) of normal squamous epithelium origin are mostly distinctive between cell types. However, cytoplasmic areas of both superficial and intermediate cells and nuclear areas of both intermediate and parabasal cells are not significantly different. 2) Normal squamous cells and various dysplastic cells show obvious difference in their nuclear and cytoplasmic areas, while difference between cytoplasmic areas of both parabasal (432.7 micrometer2) and severe dysplastic cells (409.7 micrometer2) are not statistically significant. 3) No statistical difference is observed in between nuclear areas of both moderate dysplastic (112.3 micrometer2) and severe dysplastic cell (117.6 micrometer2). 4) Varieties of carcinoma in situ cells and severe dysplastic cells are in difference in their nuclear and cytoplastic areas, whereas nuclear areas from both in situ carcinoma cells (95.3 micrometer2) of large cell type and severe dysplasia (117.6 micrometer2) are not distinctive. The results lead the author to consider that the morphometric analysis for various parameters of cell constituents are of value in making objective distinction between cells from cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in human.
Humans

This is an autopsy case of a 6 month old girl who suddenly died of respiratory distress during sleep. She had suffered from mild but frequent episodes of common cold and was treated for eczema for several days. At autopsy, the heart was enlarged and weighed 100 gm. A firm and gray-white tumor, measuring 4.5 x 3.8 x 2.8 cm, was located in the interventricular septum and encroached upon the wall of left ventricle. The mass was well demarcated but was not encapsulated. Neither necrosis nor calcification was present. Microscopically the tumor was composed of haphazardly arranged bundles of collagen fibers and fibroblasts. Myocardial cells are intermingled with the fibroblasts at the margin of the tumor. Massive edema of the lung and congestion of the liver and spleen were pronounced.

No abstract available.
Calcium* ; Estrogens* ; Female ; Metabolism* ; Ovulation Induction* ; Ovulation*

BACKGROUND: Propofol is a rapidly acting alkylphenol compound. Pofol is another alkylphenol compound that was made by Dong-guk Pharm Co. in Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and complications of pofol in comparison with diprivan. METHOD: Fourty three unpremedicated patients were randomly allocated to receive one of two i.v. anesthetic agents(pofol and diprivan). We assessed the induction dose, the time to loss of consciousness, time to opening eyes on command, changes of vital sign and various complications of the two drugs. RESULT: There were no differences in induction dose and maintenance dose between pofol group (P) and diprivan group (D). The induction times of P were shoter than those of D and the recovery times of P longer than those of D. Both groups produced a significant fall in mean arterial pressure(MAP) and heart rate(HR) but there were no differences in changes of vital sign between two groups. There was no difference in incidence of pain between D and P (83% Vs 80%). Even though the characters of adverse events to P and D, the incidence rate was not different between two groups. CONCLUSION: There is no differences in efficacy and complication of pofol in comparison with diprivan except differences in induction times and recovery times between two groups. So we can use the pofol as the i.v. anesthetics as diprivan and further evaluations in induction times and recovery times are needed.
Anesthetics ; Heart ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Propofol* ; Unconsciousness ; Vital Signs

Malignant fibrous histiocytama is currently defined as a malignant primary bone tumor, and that may contain fibromatoua, xanthomatous, or histiocytic elementa, varing widely in the degree of anaplasia that is present. The principal lesions to be considered in the differential diagnoais of malignant fibrous histiocytoma are osteogenic sarcoma and fibrosarcoma. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is more sensitive to chemotherapeutic ageata than are osteosarcama and fibrosarcama. In this paper 2 cases sre reported, including the one in which the tumor arose in a midahaft of the femur and the other one arosein the upper metaphyseal portion of the tibla.
Anaplasia ; Femur ; Fibrosarcoma ; Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous ; Osteosarcoma

This paper concerns professional socialization of medical students. Professional socialization, in the context of this paper, means the process through which a layperson becomes a doctor equipped with professional identity and values. While medical education does not include such process in the curriculum, medical students obtain certain values and identity informally. The dependent variables were professional values and professionalism. The former means the desirable attributes required to conducting professional works such as humane attitudes, science-oriented mind, capability for organizational management. The latter means socio-political reasoning with which doctors can rationalize their privileges such as autonomy. A specially designed questionnaire was developed. The data were collected from five medical schools for 1,318 students in 1994. A total of 1,070 cases were finally included in the statistical analysis. The students emphasized the human factor in the professional values. Their attitude did not change with the grade. Other independent variables such as motives for entering a medical school, socioeconomic status, satisfaction with medical education, etc. also did not influence professional values. It implies that professional values were not consolidated among the students. However, the factors of professionalism change significantly with the grade. It implies that the students paid more attention to socio-political issues related to doctor`s interests as the grade went up. And the factor scores for professionalism were higher for those students who had more positive attitude towards doing medical practice for profit, expected higher income, and were more conservative about social reform. Other independent variables did not influence professionalism. It seems that the students also give emphasis on professionalism, like current medical doctors, mainly because of their concern with recent unfavorable changes in economic conditions of medical care providers.
Curriculum ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Schools, Medical ; Social Class ; Socialization* ; Students, Medical*

Laparoscopic Burch operation is one of laparoscopic surgery for stress urinary incontinence. Subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia are potential complications of laparoscopic surgery, but are more likely to occur in extraperitoneal surgery than in intraperitoneal surgery, since insufflated CO2 can diffuse easily into the surrounding tissues. We report a patient in whom pneumomediastinum and extensive subcutaneous emphysema developed during laparoscopic Burch operation. Transient hypoxemia was also accompanied with hypercarbia. Possible mechanisms are presented, along with discussion of prompt diagnosis and treatment. For the management of laparoscopic extraperitoneal surgery, it is necessary to be careful with monitoring of CO2 insufflation pressure, routine examination and palpation of chest wall, use of N2O with caution, increase of ventilation to eliminate CO2, and excluding other causes of subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia.
Anoxia ; Carbon Dioxide ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Insufflation ; Laparoscopy ; Mediastinal Emphysema* ; Palpation ; Subcutaneous Emphysema* ; Thoracic Wall ; Urinary Incontinence ; Ventilation

BACKGROUND: Mechanisms of secondary injury(post-ischemic injury) in the central nervous system have recently reported in a vast of amount of experiments. Among many factors which give rise to post-ischemic neuronal damage, glial deterioration probably mediated by calcium paradox, could be another of the aggravating deleterious factors to the already ischemic neurophil. METHODS: here we have designed experiment to investigate calcium paradox in astroglial cell line, human astrocytoma U1242MG. Intracellular calcium alterations in experimental cells were monitored by using calcium indicating dye fura-2 and epifluorescent photometry system. RESULTS: Intracellular free calcium changes during reperfusion phase after exposure to low calcium led to a prompt increase in intracelluar calcium level after 10 and 30 minutes. The way of calcium entry during the reperfusion phase was mediated by the reverse mode of NA+/Ca2+ exchanger. Cells that had a reduction of reperfusate calcium to 10uM increased cell viability. Also we observed an inverse relationship between major enzymatic activity in the astrocytoma cells(i.e., gultamine synthetase activity) and the duration of reperfusion in the the same protocols. CONCLUSIONS: A relatively small amount of intracellular clcium increase by the reverse mode of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger during the reperfusion period is related to a limitation of enzyme activity and viability 24hours later.
Astrocytoma ; Brain ; Calcium ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival ; Central Nervous System ; Fura-2 ; Humans ; Ions ; Ligases ; Neuroglia* ; Neurons ; Photometry ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Reperfusion*

"Background: In using the Double-lumen tube (DLT), knowing the minimum bronchial cuff volume (MCV) for an effective air-tight seal will be useful; to provide a collapse of the lung; and to avoid pressure damage. The aims of the present study are thus three-fold: to measure the MCV; to measure the diameter of left main bronchus (LMBD); and to prove any relationships between two parameters. METHODS: One hundred men and forty women who needed intubation of left-sided DLT were enrolled in this study. 37 Fr DLTs were used in male patients, and 35 Fr DLTs were used in female patients. We evaluated the MCV by air bubble method and measured the LMBD in chest PA. We also evaluated the pressure/volume characteristics of the bronchial cuffs by control inflator. RESULTS: 29 patients of 100 patients (29%) exhibited persistent air leakage in 2.5 ml cuff volume in male patients (group of MCV >2.5). On the contrary, 18 patients of 40 patients (45%) did not require any cuff volume in female patients (group of MCV 0). The mean LMBD were 13.23 1.45 mm in male and 11.09 0.96 mm in female. There were significant positive correlations between MCV and LMBD in both sex and their respective correlation coefficients were 0.264 (P=0.008) in male and 0.484 (P=0.002) in female. The equations of linear regression were: LMBD = 12.394 0.429xMCV in male, LMBD = 10.725 0.438xMCV in female. CONCLUSIONS: The MCV of the brochial cuffs in left-sided DLTs has significant relationships with the LMBD measured in chest PA.
Bronchi ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Linear Models ; Lung ; Male ; Thorax