BACKGROUND: In animal models of cerebral ischemic-reperfusion has been shown to have a beneficial effect. The object of this study is to compare the effect of pathologic findings between normotheimic and moderate hypothermic group. METHODS: We investigated the effect of moderate hypothermia induced 1 hour after transient(10 min) both carotid artery occlusion on the extent of ischemic-reperfusion cell damage in Mongolian Gerbil model. The terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT) -mediated biotin-16-dUTP nick-end labelling(TUNEL staning) are used to detect apoptosis. RESULTS: 1. We suggest that Core body temperature is down to moderate hypothermia(30-32degrees C) beyond 10 minite by selective bain cooling method in Mongolian Gerbil model. 2. By light microscopy, ischemic-reperfusion damage were detected in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal layer on the 3 day after transient ischemic insult, which showed chrosomal condensation and cytoplasmic eosinophilia. Ischemic-reperfusion cells were increased in the CA1 region on the 5 day. Apoptotic cells of the CA1 neurons seen by TUNEL staining than ischemic neurons seen by Hematoxylin-eosin staining were investigate 3 and 5 days after ischemic-reperfusion insult. CONCLUSION: We suggest that is not neuroprotective effects of Intraischemic(1 hour) moderate hypothermia in Gerbil brain global ischemic-reperfusion model.
Apoptosis ; Body Temperature ; Brain* ; Carotid Arteries ; Cytoplasm ; DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase ; Eosinophilia ; Gerbillinae* ; Hypothermia* ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Microscopy ; Models, Animal ; Neurons ; Neuroprotective Agents*

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Estrogens*

To provide the information necessary for the insurance medicine management plan, price discount rates among the insurance medicines were studied. A total of 2,107 items of insurance medicine of which prices were discounted via government inspections of real transactional process of insurance medicine were analysed. The conclusions are as follows; 1. Among the variables relevant to the characteristics of manufacturers, price discount rates of insurance medicines were statistically significant with production rankings of manufacturers, incorporation year, existence of investments by foreign corporation, existence of a research institute, and enrollment in the exchange. And among the variables relevant to the properties of medicines, the number of enrolled items which have the same components, classification, the date of new enrollment, the sales of items, and the number of raw materials in the items were statistically significant. 2. Stepwide multiple regression was done to identify the factors which affect the price discount rates of insurance medicines. The number of enrolled items which have the same components, production rankings of manufactures, classification number (medicines for function of tissue cells), incorporation year (1940-1949), existence of investments by foreign corporations, classification number (anti-germ medicines), number of raw materials in the items, the sales of items, and medicines whose major objective is not treatment were significant variables and the R2-value for these variables was 21.2%. Considering all of the above results, for management of insurance medicines, it seems important that the real transactional prices of insurance medicines should be identified systematically, focusing on the properties which affect the price discount rates of insurance medicines.
Academies and Institutes ; Classification ; Commerce ; Insurance* ; Investments

No abstract available.
Brain* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

Malignant hyperthermia is a dramatic syndrome that rarely arises during anesthesia and which is still fatal in the majority of cases. It is a hypermetabolic muscle condition characterized by hyperpyrexia and skeletal muscle rigidity. Any potent inhalation anesthetic agent or any skeletal muscle relaxant can trigger this acute catast rophic reaction. A case is presented of a 28 year old femal with a family history of malignant hyperthermia in herrelatives. She sunderwent repair of a retinal detachment under N2O-O2-halothane withcinduction by thiopenthal and succinylcholine. One and half hours after induction, arrhythmia developed and was followed by unstable blood pressure, hyperpyrexia, muscular rigidity. Anesthesia was ended and vigorous emergency treatment was attempted. But she died postoperatively on the 4th day after anesthesia. The etiologic factors, incidence, clinical feature, prevention, treatment and prognosis of malignant hyperthermia are discussed.
Incidence

Patients with migraine frequently have hypersensitivity to light, sound, and smell. In addition to these hallmark features of migraine, patients often describe vestibular complaints ranging from true vertigo to less specific symptoms of dizziness, unsteadiness, and head motion intolerance. Over the last two decades a number of studies have stressed the association of migraine with vestibular and ocular motor disorders. Migraine may be a most common cause of various forms of episodic vertigo, but definite diagnostic criteria for migraine related vertigo are still lacking. As migrainous vertigo is an evolving entity, terminology is confusing and generally accepted diagnostic criteria are not established. The interrelations of migraine and dizziness can be classified into seven categories: (1) vertigo as an aura of migraine-basilar type migraine, (2) episodic vertigo attack without typical temporal relationship to migraine headache-migraine equivalent, (3) vertigo/dizziness during migraine attack, (4) susceptibility of motion sickness in migraine patients, (5) CACNA1A gene mutation and migraine-familial hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia type 2, (6) well defined vertigo syndromes that are not caused by migraine but show a statistical association with migraine-Meniere's disease, BPPV, (7) non-vestibular dizziness in migraine patients-psychiatric comorbidity, antimigraine medication. Each part of categories will be discussed.
Ataxia ; Comorbidity ; Dizziness ; Epilepsy ; Head ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Light ; Migraine Disorders ; Motion Sickness ; Nystagmus, Pathologic ; Smell ; Vertigo

BACKGROUND: Propofol has been found to be an ideal anesthetic for sedation during regional anesthesia with the advantage of rapid onset of action and recovery. Infusion of propofol by target-controlled infusion (TCI) has been shown to be effective in achieving conscious sedation. The purpose of this study was to define the optimal target concentration of propofol evaluated by bispectral index (BIS) which is necessary for conscious sedation in patients to achieve a local or regional blockade. METHODS: Sixty patients scheduled to undergo local or regional anesthesia were divided into 3 groups. 10 20 min after performing local anesthesia with 2% lidocaine 10 ml (group 1), spinal anesthesia with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 12 18 mg (group 2) or brachial plexus block with 1% lidocaine 40 ml (group 3), TCI of propofol was started at a target plasma level of 1 microgram/ml and the target concentration was adjusted in steps of 0.2 microgram/ml to maintain a sedation level comparable to an Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) score of 3. BIS, EKG, heart rate, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate and SpO2 were recorded during the operation. RESULTS: Group 1 had a significantly higher mean (range) target concentration [1.8 (0.9 2.8) microgram/ml] than group 2 [0.9 (0.2 2.4) microgram/ml] and group 3 [1.0 (0.2 2.6) microgram/ml]. A target concentration of 0.9 1.8 microgram/ml of propofol produced BIS 78.2 (group 1), 73.4 (group 2) and 75.4 (group 3). CONCLUSIONS: TCI of propofol with a 0.9 1.8 microgram/ml blood concentration produces safe sedation during locoregional anesthesia without severe complications.
Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Conduction ; Anesthesia, Local ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Arterial Pressure ; Brachial Plexus ; Bupivacaine ; Conscious Sedation* ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Plasma ; Propofol* ; Respiratory Rate

INTRODUTION: The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor is an important pharmacological target of alcohol. The phamacological characteristics of the receptor are largely determined by its subunit composition. Compared with all other alpha subtypes, the alpha6- containing receptors are more sensitive to GABA and less sensitive to benzodiazepines. The purpose of this study was to address a role for GABAAalpha6 receptor subunit gene in the development of alcohol dependence. The differential manifestation of alcohol withdrawal symptoms related to GABAAalpha6 polymorphism in patients treating with benzodiazepines was also examined. METHODS: Eighty-seven inpatients with alcohol dependence, and sixty healthy controls were evaluated using CIWA-Ar scale. Each patient was genotyped for GABAAalpha6 subunit. Association between GABAAalpha6 polymorphism and severity of withdrawal symptom were determined. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in GABAAalpha6 receptor genetic type and allelic distribution between the alcohol dependent and control subject. Tremor was more severe in CC than TT type. TT type had higher degree of anxiety, agitation and headache than CC type. The GABAAalpha6 C allele increased the average score of tremor significantly, and T allele increased that of agitation. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that GABAAalpha6 genetic polymorphism was not associated with alcohol dependence and with severity of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. But in benzodiazepine treated patients, GABAAalpha6 polymorphism and allelic type show the difference in severity of each withdrawal symptom. These differences of severity are partly responsible for the unique pharmacological properties associated with the GABAAalpha6 subunit.
Alcoholism ; Alleles ; Anxiety ; Benzodiazepines ; Dihydroergotamine ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Headache ; Humans ; Inpatients ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, GABA ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome* ; Tremor

No abstract available.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen* ; Colorectal Neoplasms* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Lymph Nodes* ; Rectal Neoplasms* ; Rectum*