Bone age assessments are a complicated and lengthy process, which are prone to inter- and intra-observer variabilities. Despite the great demand for fully automated systems, developing an accurate and robust bone age assessment solution has remained challenging. The rapidly evolving deep learning technology has shown promising results in automated bone age assessment. In this review article, we will provide information regarding the history of automated bone age assessments, discuss the current status, and present a literature review, as well as the future directions of artificial intelligence-based bone age assessments.

Bone age assessments are a complicated and lengthy process, which are prone to inter- and intra-observer variabilities. Despite the great demand for fully automated systems, developing an accurate and robust bone age assessment solution has remained challenging. The rapidly evolving deep learning technology has shown promising results in automated bone age assessment. In this review article, we will provide information regarding the history of automated bone age assessments, discuss the current status, and present a literature review, as well as the future directions of artificial intelligence-based bone age assessments.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an extremely rare clinical manifestation of ischemic heart disease. A 43-year-old female was admitted to our hospital for non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. She had no cardiac risk factors except smoking. Coronary angiography showed moderate stenosis of the proximal left circumflex artery (LCX) with intraluminal haziness and a spastic appearance from the culprit lesion in the left main coronary artery (LM). Subsequent analysis by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) revealed a clear dissection flap from the LCX to the LM. Generally, SCAD of the LM or multivessel involvement requires primary surgical management. The present case was treated percutaneously using the culotte stent technique.
Adult ; Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Female ; Humans ; Muscle Spasticity ; Myocardial Infarction ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Stents

The neurofibroma in oral cavity is typically associated with neurofibromatosis. The solitary neurofibroma is commonly observed in skin. It is relatively rare in oral cavity and usually observed in the tongue, buccal mucosa, and vestibule. The rare types of solitary neurofibromas have been reported as a case report and they were in the inferior alveolar nerve, infratemporal fossa, maxilla, and palatal ginviva. In our hospital, the presented case was the first case as reported as solitary neurofibroma in the oral cavity. The prognosis after excision and the review of literatures were presented.
Mandibular Nerve ; Maxilla ; Mouth ; Mouth Mucosa ; Neurofibroma* ; Neurofibromatoses ; Prognosis ; Skin ; Tongue

PURPOSE: We evaluated the usefulness of two-stage revision knee arthroplasty for treatment of infected total knee arthroplasty(TKA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 13 cases treated by two-stage reimplantation among the 18 infected TKA cases from February 1993 to March 2003, which had been followed up for more than two years. We analyzed the results of treatment, knee society score before and after the two stage reimplantation, recurrence of infection, and other complications. RESULTS: The mean period between the time of primary TKA and that of diagnosis of deep infection was 1.7 years. The mean period from removal of infected primary prosthesis to the second stage reimplantation was 7.2 weeks. The mean range of motion increased from 60.3 degrees to 95.7 degrees after operation. The mean Knee Society Score increased from 50.2 points to 83.4 points. Infection recurred in two cases but immediately subsided by intravenous antibiotics therapy. One case with patella fracture was treated by total patellectomy. CONCLUSION: This procedure using antibiotics-impregnated cement spacer and complete debridement of necrotic tissues can control infection and improve functional results. The result of two-stage revision for deep infected total knee arthroplasty was satisfactory in view of eradication of infection and functional restoration of the knee.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Arthroplasty* ; Debridement ; Diagnosis ; Knee Joint ; Knee* ; Patella ; Prostheses and Implants ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Recurrence ; Replantation* ; Retrospective Studies

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a Tanner-Whitehouse 3 (TW3)-based fully automated bone age assessment system on hand-wrist radiographs of Korean children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: Hand-wrist radiographs of 80 subjects (40 boys and 40 girls, 7-15 years of age) were collected. The clinical efficacy was evaluated by comparing the bone ages that were determined using the system with those from the reference standard produced by 2 oral and maxillofacial radiologists. Comparisons were conducted using the paired t-test and simple regression analysis. Results: The bone ages estimated with this bone age assessment system were not significantly different from those obtained with the reference standard (p>0.05) and satisfied the equivalence criterion of 0.6 years within the 95% confidence interval ( - 0.07 to 0.22), demonstrating excellent performance of the system. Similarly, in the comparisons of gender subgroups, no significant difference in bone age between the values produced by the system and the reference standard was observed (p>0.05 for both boys and girls). The determination coefficients obtained via regression analysis were 0.962, 0.945, and 0.952 for boys, girls, and overall, respectively (p=0.000); hence, the radiologist-determined bone ages and the system-determined bone ages were strongly correlated. Conclusion This TW3-based system can be effectively used for bone age assessment based on hand-wrist radiographs of Korean children and adolescents.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid molecule that mediates cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis in vivo. However, the roles of S1P on pathogenesis of arthritis have been not completely understood. This study was designed to determine the effects of S1P modulation on collageninduced arthritis (CIA) model. DBA/1J mice were injected with collagen into the tail for induction of CIA model. S1P was administered into the peritoneal cavity every other days from day 1 to day 42 after collagen injection. To determine the degree of damage in CIA, we examined macroscopic findings of CIA. The inflammation and bone destruction of CIA mice were evaluated by histo-patholigy and radiography (CT and microradiography). The expressions of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and RANKL which have important roles in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and bone destruction were observed by immuno-histochemical staining. After injection with collagen in the DBA/1J mice, CIA was induced by swelling in the knee and ankle joint. Administration of S1P suppressed damages and incidence of arthritis elicited by collagen. In histologic and radiographic studies, S1P strongly suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the swelling of synovial membrane, erosion, and the destruction of bone on CIA mice. Injection of S1P resulted in down-regulation of the expression of the pro-inflammatory and bone destruction mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6, and RANKL on CIA mice. Furthermore, S1P suppressed the differentiation of bone marrow cells into osteoclasts by RANKL. In conclusion, this study suggest that S1P has protective effects on inflammation and bone destruction during pathogenesis of CIA, which indicates S1P can be a new possible therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis
Animals ; Ankle Joint ; Arthritis ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid* ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cell Proliferation ; Collagen ; Down-Regulation ; Incidence ; Inflammation* ; Interleukin-6 ; Knee ; Mice* ; Osteoclasts ; Peritoneal Cavity ; Radiography ; Sphingosine ; Synovial Membrane ; Tail ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha