A fabrication method of inner and outer crown using CAD/CAM is presented. The information of abutment teeth is transferred to a computer through a 3-dimensional scanner. A Konus inner and outer crown is designed on a computer and a real crown is machined based on this design using CAM. This method can save laboratory time and reduce inaccuracies compare to conventional casting procedure. A stone model with six prepared abutment teeth from a patient was used in this study. Three dimensional information from the model was transferred to a computer using a contact type 3dimensional scanner with a 25micrometer accuracy. All margins were identified on a computer image where there is a change in surface taper of a model. To provide a cement space, the image of a inner surface of a Konus inner crown was duplicated 25micrometer apart from the surface of a prepared abutment teeth image. The cement space was 20micrometer at the cervical margin. All Konus crowns were machined with a 10micrometer accuracy. It was concluded that this method can reduce working-time for the laboratory process and increase accuracy. A further research is required to make a simplified process for a more complex prosthesis.
Computer Graphics* ; Crowns* ; Humans ; Prostheses and Implants ; Tooth

PURPOSE: This study was performed to observe the utilization of ultrasonography in locating the position of UAC and to compare the position with anatomical landmarks seen on radiography. METHODS: Optimal position is when the catheter tip is located between T6-T10 or L3-L5 by anteroposterior radiography (AP-R) and above the diaphragm by cross-table lateral radiography (CTL-R). Ultrasonographic studies used a Hewlett Packard Sonos 1000 with 5 MHz scanner, the distance from the catheter tip to the origin of the celiac artery in high position and the distance from the catheter tip to the origin of the renal arteries and to the aortic bifurcation in low position were measured. RESULTS: In 23 of 36 newborns, high type UAC was properly positioned by AP-R, but ultrasonographic examination showed that 3 UAC were malpositioned under 5mm above the origin of the celiac artery. Detection of properly positioned UAC by AP-R had a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 72.7%. In 19 of 28 newborns, high type UAC was properly positioned by CTL-R, but ultrasonographic examination showed that 2 UAC were malpositioned under 5mm above the origin of the celiac artery. Detection of properly positioned UAC by CTL-R had a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 71.4%. In 15 of 20 newborns, low type UAC was properly positioned by AP-R, and ultrasonographic examination showed that 1 UAC was malpositioned below the aortic bifurcation. Detection of properly localized UAC by AP-R had a sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 50%. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonographic catheter localization is a noninvasive technique that uses no ionizing radiation and has no known deterimental side effects, and allows direct visualization of the pertinent vascular anatomy, providing more information than traditional radiography.
Catheters* ; Celiac Artery ; Diaphragm ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Radiography* ; Renal Artery ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography*

Pulmonary infection by capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans (CDCN) is a very rare form of pneumonia and it is seldom seen in the immunocompetent host. The authors experienced a case of pulmonary cryptococcosis by CDCN in 25-year-old woman who was without any significant underlying disease. The diagnosis was made from the percutaneous lung biopsy and special tissue staining, including Fontana-Masson silver (FMS) staining. Fungal culture confirmed the diagnosis afterward. Her clinical and radiologic features improved under treatment with fluconazol. It's known that CDCN is not so readily confirmed because fungal culture does not always result in growth of the organism and the empirical fungal stain is not helpful for the differentiation between CDCN and the other infections that are caused by the nonencapsulated yeast-like organisms. In this report, we emphasize the diagnostic value of performing FMS staining for differentiating a CDCN infection from the other confusing nonencapsulated yeast-like organisms.
Silver Nitrate ; Lung Diseases/*diagnosis/*microbiology ; Humans ; Female ; Cryptococcus neoformans/*isolation & purification ; Cryptococcosis/*diagnosis/microbiology ; Cough ; Chest Pain ; Adult

OBJECTIVES: We examined the trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Korea as a basis for improving hypertension control programs. METHODS: 12 598 participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this study. Weighted linear regression to test time trends from 2007 to 2011 was performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypertension was 20.7% in 2007, 29.4% in 2009, and 26.2% in 2011. Awareness of hypertension was 64.8% in 2007 and 61.1% in 2011. Awareness in those aged 65 and over was greater than in younger groups (age 19 to 44 and 45 to 64; p<0.001). The treatment rates were 58.4% in 2007 and 56.8% in 2011. The treatment rate was greater for those 65 and over than for younger age groups (p<0.001). The percentage of controlled hypertension was 37.6% in 2011. The percentage of controlled hypertension in those 65 and over was higher than in younger age groups (p<0.001). The treatment-control rates were 65.9% in 2007 and 67.7% in 2011. The prevalence of hypertension was higher in the males (p<0.001), while the awareness (p<0.001), treatment (p<0.001), and control (p<0.001) rates were higher in the females. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of hypertension was increasing and the hypertension awareness, treatment, and control rates were low in younger age groups and males.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Antihypertensive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Hypertension/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Linear Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Therapeutics/*trends

OBJECTIVES: Nicotine is a natural alkaloid and insecticide in tobacco leaves. Green tobacco sickness (GTS) is known as a disease of acute nicotine intoxication among tobacco farmers. Until now, GTS has been recognized globally as a disease that results from nicotine absorption through the skin. However, we assumed that GTS might also result from nicotine inhalation as well as absorption. We aimed to measure the airborne nicotine concentrations in various work environments of Korean tobacco farmers. METHODS: We measured the nicotine concentrations in the tobacco fields, private curing barns, and joint curing barns of farmers from July to October 2010. All sampling and analyses of airborne nicotine were conducted according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health manual of analytic methods. RESULTS: The airborne nicotine concentrations (geometric mean [geometric standard deviation]) in the tobacco field were 83.4 mg/m3 (1.2) in the upper region and 93.3 mg/m3 (1.2) in the lower region. In addition, the nicotine concentration by personal sampling was 150.1 mg/m3. Similarly, the nicotine concentrations in the private curing barn, workers in curing barns, the front yard of the curing barn, and in the joint curing barn were 323.7 mg/m3 (2.0), 121.0 mg/m3 (1.5), 73.7 mg/m3 (1.7), and 610.3 mg/m3 (1.0), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The nicotine concentration in the workplaces of tobacco farmers was very high. Future studies should measure the environmental concentration of nicotine that is inhaled by tobacco farmers.
*Agriculture ; Air Pollutants/*analysis ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Nicotine/*analysis ; Occupational Exposure/*analysis ; Tobacco ; Workplace

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disease. Children with AD tend to have a higher prevalence of food allergies. This study investigated the clinical significance of food sensitization in AD patients. A total of 266 AD patients participated in this study. The prevalence of food sensitization and clinically relevant sensitization were compared in the subjects according to their age and AD severity. Sera from all patients were analyzed for food-specific IgE levels using the Pharmacia CAP System FEIA. The serum specific IgE levels for egg, milk, peanut and soybean were measured. Patients were regarded as sensitized to the food if their food-specific IgE levels were above 0.35 kUA/L. Also the food-specific IgE levels, the so-called diagnostic decision point, which is recommended as the clinically relevant level, for clinical food allergy, as suggested by Sampson et al, was used as an alternative method. From the measurement of food-specific IgE antibodies of the four foods, egg was the most highly sensitized and the main causative allergenic food in children with AD. The positive rates of specific IgE to the four major food allergens, and the prevalences of clinically relevant food sensitization, were higher for all foods tested in the group less than 1 year of age, and were significantly higher in moderate to severe AD compared to mild AD in infants and young children. In summary, presence of food specific IgE is prevalent in infants and young children with AD, and clinically relevant food sensitization is important in Korean infants and children with moderate to severe AD.
Child, Preschool ; Dermatitis, Atopic/*immunology ; Egg Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Female ; Food Hypersensitivity/diagnosis/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Infant ; Male ; Milk Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Peanut Hypersensitivity/epidemiology ; Soybeans/immunology

Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors that originate from any anatomical site. Most schwannomas occur in the head, neck or limbs, but rarely occur in the retroperitoneal space. Furthermore, the schwannoma originating from the vagus nerve of retroperitoneal space is much rare. We experienced a case of retroperitoneal schwannoma of the vagus nerve. A 34-year-old male was refered to our hospital for the evaluation of abdominal mass on ultrasonography. Endoscopic examination revealed submucosal tumor-like lesion on high body of the stomach. Computed tomography (CT) revealed that the stomach was compressed by a solid tumor in the retroperitoneum. On exploratory laparotomy, this mass turned out to be a baseball sized mass in the retroperitoneal space. The mass was excised in an encapsulated state. Histological examination with immunohistochemical stains revealed a schwannoma of the vagus nerve.
Adult ; Cranial Nerve Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; English Abstract ; Humans ; Male ; Neurilemmoma/*diagnosis ; Retroperitoneal Space ; *Vagus Nerve ; Vagus Nerve Diseases/*diagnosis

Spontaneous perforation of the common bile duct (CBD) is a rare event in adults. Most cases of CBD perforation are iatrogenic after invasive procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or cholecystectomy. We report a case of an 81-year-old woman who presented with severe right upper abdominal pain, fever, and chills. Abdominal CT showed multiple gallbladder and CBD stones and loculated fluid collection in the inferoposterior portion of the stomach. ERCP showed the leakage of contrast media into the peritoneal cavity from the CBD. We performed endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and endoscopic nasobiliary drainage (ENBD) to decompress the CBD instead of emergent surgical intervention. One week later, cholangiography via ENBD tube revealed that there was no more leakage of the contrast media from the CBD. We performed cholecystectomy, removal of the CBD stones after exploration of the CBD, and T tube insertion. The perforated site of the CBD was closed and there was no more fluid collection in the inferoposterior portion of the stomach. Medical treatment including endoscopic procedures was useful for healing of the perforated CBD.
Aged, 80 and over ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis/*complications ; Choledocholithiasis ; Common Bile Duct Diseases/*etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Rupture, Spontaneous

Background/Aims: Although the diarrheal disease caused by Campylobacter bacteria has been continuously increasing in Korea, there has been limited study on the clinical aspects of Campylobacter enteritis in adults in Korea. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical features and characteristics of adult patients with Campylobacter enteritis. Methods: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with Campylobacter enterocolitis at Nowon Eulji University Hopsital between January 2016 and December 2017. Campylobacter enterocolitis was diagnosed through polymerase chain reaction of stools from patients with acute diarrhea. Results: Among 630 hospitalized patients with acute diarrhea, Campylobacter enterocolitis was diagnosed in 88 patients (14.0%). The mean age was 37.9±19.1 years. Campylobacter enterocolitis was most prevalent in the summer (52 patients, 59.1%). Patients exhibited more than 10 times of diarrhea in 36 (40.9%), high fever above 39℃ in 19 (21.59%), and abdominal pain above 5 points on the numeric rating scale in 23 (26.14%) cases. In abdominal CT scan, pancolitis was found in 58 patients (65.9%). Small intestine was involved in 37 patients (42.4%). Mean CRP was 10.14 mg/dL (range 0.72-32.27 mg/dL). The duration of diarrhea after antibiotics treatment was 2.34±1.51 days in the ciprofloxacin treatment group and 2.26±1.71 days in the 3rd cephalosporin treatment group. Conclusions Campylobacter enterocolitis was common during summer. Commonly healthy young adults were hospitalized due to severe symptoms of Campylobacter enterocolitis. Whole colon and small bowel were frequently involved. Most patients were treated with antibiotics, and the efficacy of 3rd cephalosporin treatment was not inferior to that of ciprofloxacin treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perinatal outcomes and maternal complications associated with triplet pregnancies. METHODS: Medical records of consecutive triplet pregnancies delivered in ( )( )Hospital from 1997 to 2005 were reviewed for maternal and neonatal outcomes. Pregnancies associated with lethal congenital anomalies or the case that being delivered before 20 weeks of gestation were excluded. Neonatal outcomes included respiratory distress syndrome, retinopathy of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage and low Apgar scores, congenital anomaly and so on. Maternal outcomes included preeclampsia, preterm delivery, anemia and blood transfusion and so on. RESULTS: The mean gestational age at delivery was 31.5+/-4.1 weeks, and the mean birth weight for triplets was 1,654.4+/-578.1 g. 31 of total 39 neonates (79.5%) were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, and 9 neonates (23.1%) received mechanical ventilator care as well. Neonatal death occurred in 6 of 39 neonates (15.4%). Congenital anomaly was seen in 3 of 39 neonates (7.7%). Hyperbilirubinemia developed in 16 of 39 neonates (44.4%). Respiratory distress syndrome developed in 3 of 39 neonates (7.7%). The most common maternal complication was preterm labor (76.9%), followed by anemia (46.1%), preterm premature rupture of membrane (30.8%) and blood transfusion (7.7%). Five patients (5/13, 38.5%) received tocolytic therapy. CONCLUSION: The main cause of neonatal death in triplet pregnancies is the respiratory distress syndrome in extreme preterm delivery. The most common neonatal morbidities are hyperbilirubinemia and apnea of prematurity. There is no difference in neonatal outcomes according to birth order. The most common maternal complications are preterm delivery and anemia. The adverse outcomes of triplet pregnancies are mainly due to preterm delivery.
Anemia ; Apnea ; Birth Order ; Birth Weight ; Blood Transfusion ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyperbilirubinemia ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care, Neonatal ; Medical Records ; Membranes ; Obstetric Labor, Premature ; Pre-Eclampsia ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Triplet* ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; Rupture ; Tocolysis ; Triplets* ; Ventilators, Mechanical