OBJECTIVES: This study is a cross-sectional study to investigate the frequency of humidifier and humidifier disinfectant usage in the general population. METHODS: A questionnaire was applied to 94 subjects (46 male, 48 female) from the general population of Gyeonggi Province. The questionnaire consisted of 3 scales (general characteristics, 5 items about humidifier usage, 5 items about humidifier disinfectant usage). RESULTS: Thirty-five (37.2%) of the 94 subjects use a humidifier and humidifier disinfectant usage was found to be 18.1%. The frequency of humidifier usage is 4.8 times per a week and the humidifier disinfectant usage is 2.4 times per a week. Humidifier usage rate was highest in January. and then tended to rise gradually from October. CONCLUSIONS: Although this study population was not representative, we can say that approximately 50 percent of the humidifier users use a humidifier disinfectant and the trend of using a humidifier has shown seasonality.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Seasons ; Weights and Measures ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: A standardized questionnaire is not available for use as a screening tool to assess individuals with MCS/IEI in Korea. The QEESI(c), originally developed by Miller & Prihoda in 1998, helps researchers, doctors, and their patients identify individuals with MCS/IEI. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to create a Korean version of the QEESI(c) and evaluate whether this Korean version could be used as an effective MCS/IEI screening tool in Korea. METHODS: The Korean version of the QEESI(c) was developed using a six-step approach: permission, forward translation, the first quality control, backward translation, cognitive debriefing and the second quality control, final proof reading. In order to collect data, we have done a sample survey in certain parts of Korea. A household was used as the sampling unit; we extracted random samples in each survey cluster and then interviewed two adults over 19 years of age living in each sampled household. A total of 300 subjects were recruited from the general population in local community. The factor structure in the Korean version of the QEESI was analyzed with 40 items on four sub-scales except for the 10 items in masking index using principal components analysis with Varimax rotation. A convergent validity test two sub-scales: chemical intolerance and symptom severity. We carefully compared the chemical intolerance with Nordin's chemical sensitivity scale and the symptom severity with Cho's subjective symptom score. RESULTS: The results showed that the 40 items on the four sub-scales,' chemical intolerances',' symptom severity', 'life impact', and 'other intolerances', were consistent with those reported for the US population by Miller and Prihoda. The convergent validity wes very good (r=0.4; p<0.001, r=0.5; p<0.001, respectively). A good internal consistency (Cronbach' alpha=0.86~0.96) and test-retest reliability (r=0.87~0.90) were found in all scales, except for the internal consistency in the masking index. CONCLUSIONS: The Korean version QEESI(c) showed a good reliability and validity. It should be necessary to conduct a MCS/IEI study adopting Korean version QEESI(c).
Adult ; Environmental Exposure ; Family Characteristics ; Humans ; Korea ; Masks ; Mass Screening ; Multiple Chemical Sensitivity ; Quality Control ; Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Weights and Measures

Radiographic sagittal plane analysis of VATS (video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery) anterior instrumentation for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. This is retrospective study. To report, in details about effects of VATS anterior instrumentation on the sagittal plane. Evaluations of the surgical outcome of scoliosis have primarily studied in coronal plane correction, functional, and cosmetic aspects. Sagittal balance, as well as coronal balance, is important in functional spine. Recently, scoliosis surgery applying VATS has been increasingly performed. Its outcome has been reported several times; however, according to our search of the literature, the only one study partially mentioned. The study population was a total of 42 cases of idiopathic scoliosis patients (8 male, 34 female). Their mean age was 15.6 years (13 to 18 years). The 18 cases were Lenke IA type, 16 cases were Lenke IB type, and 8 cases were Lenke IC type. The preoperative Cobb's angle was 54.5 +/- 13.9 degrees. All patients were followed up for a minimum of 2 years and implanted, on average, at the 5.9 level (5 to 8 levels). The most proximal implant was the 4th thoracic spine, and the most distal implant was the 1st lumbar spine. Whole spine standing PA and lateral radiographs were taken before surgery, 2 months after surgery, and at the last follow up (range 24-48 months, mean 35 months). The C7 plumbline proximal junctional measurement (PJM), distal junctional measurement (DJM), thoracic kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis angles were measured and compared. In all cases, follow-ups were possible and survived till the last follow up. The Cobb's angle in coronal plane at the last follow up was 19.7 +/- 9.3 degrees and was corrected to 63.8% on average. The preoperative C7 sagittal plumbline before surgery was -13.9 +/- 29.1mm, the final follow up was -9.9 +/- 23.8mm, and the average positive displacement was 4mm. Thoracic kyphosis was increased from preoperative 18.2 +/- 7.7 degrees to 22.4 +/- 7.2 degrees on average at the last follow up, and the increase was, on average, 4.2 degrees. The PJM angel was increased from 6.2 +/- 4.3 degrees preoperative to 8.8 +/- 3.7 degrees at the last follow up, and the increment was, on the average, 2.6 degrees. The DJM angle before surgery was 6.8 +/- 5.1 degrees and 6.7 +/- 4 degrees at the last follow up, and did not change noticeably. Preoperative lumbar lordosis was 42 +/- 10.7 degrees and 43.5 +/- 11.1 degrees after surgery. Similarly, it did not change greatly. The scoliosis surgery applying VATS displaced the C7 sagittal plumb line by 4mm to the anteriorly, increased thoracic kyphosis by 4.2 degrees, and increased PJM by 2.6 degrees. DJM and lumbar lordosis, before and after operation, were not significantly different. Although the surgical technique of VATS thoracic instrumentation is difficult to make the normal thoracic kyphosis, an acceptable sagittal balance can be obtained in Lenke type I adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using VATS.

OBJECTIVES: This study estimated the overall incidence of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD) based on dura graft cases in Korea using a mathematical model. METHODS: We estimated the number of annual dura grafts performed between 1980 and 1995 by applying the proportion of dura grafts recorded by the Health Insurance Review Agency claim dataset in Korea to the number of nationwide neurosurgery cases. The distribution of the incubation period was assumed to fall under a Weibull distribution with density function or a log-logistic distribution with density function. RESULTS: The total number of neurosurgery procedures performed from 1980 to 1995 was estimated to be 263,945, and among those operations, 37% used dura graft products. Between the years of 1980 and 2020, our model predicted that the total number of iCJD cases would be between 14.9 and 33.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.4 to 50.9). Notably, we estimated that the cumulative number of iCJD cases caused by dura grafts between 1980 and 2011 was approximately 13.3 to 27.3 (95% CI, 12.2 to 40.6). CONCLUSIONS: Based on our model, we postulate that the incidence of iCJD will sharply decline from 2012 to 2020. However, additional new cases are still expected, which necessitates a strong national surveillance system.
Cadaver* ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome* ; Dataset ; Dura Mater* ; Incidence ; Insurance, Health ; Korea* ; Models, Theoretical ; Neurosurgery ; Prion Diseases ; Transplants*

BACKGROUND: Diarrheal and intestinal infectious disease caused by inadequate drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is not only a great concern in developing countries but also a problem in low-income populations and rural areas in developed countries. In this study, we assessed the exposure to inadequate WASH in Korea and estimated the burden of disease attributable to inadequate WASH. METHODS: We used observational data on water supply, drinking water, sewage treatment rate, and hand washing to assess inadequate WASH conditions in Korea, and estimated the level of exposure in the entire population. The disease burden was estimated by applying the cause of death data from death registry and the morbidity data from the national health insurance to the population attributable fraction (PAF) for the disease caused by inappropriate WASH. RESULTS: In 2013, 1.4% of the population were exposed to inadequate drinking water, and 1.0% were living in areas where sewerage was not connected. The frequency of handwashing with soap after contact with excreta was 23.5%. The PAF due to inadequate WASH as a cluster of risk factors was 0.353 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.275–0.417), among which over 90% were attributable to hand hygiene factors that were significantly worse than those in American and European high-income countries. CONCLUSION: The level of hand hygiene in Korea has yet to be improved to the extent that it shows a significant difference compared to other high-income countries. Therefore, improving the current situation in Korea requires a continuous hand washing campaign and a program aimed at all people. In addition, continuous policy intervention for improvement of sewage treatment facilities in rural areas is required, and water quality control monitoring should be continuously carried out.
Cause of Death ; Communicable Diseases ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Drinking Water* ; Drinking* ; Hand Disinfection ; Hand Hygiene ; Hygiene* ; Korea* ; National Health Programs ; Poverty ; Risk Factors ; Sanitation* ; Sewage ; Soaps ; Water Quality ; Water Supply

We used a survey about the need for an educational training of infectious disease response staff in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) and officer in metropolitan cities and provincial government to conduct field epidemiological investigation. The survey was conducted from January 25 to March 15, 2016. A total of 173 participants were selected from four different groups as follows: 27 clinical specialists, 22 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officers, 82 KCDC staff, and 42 local health department officials. Results revealed that 83% of KCDC staff and 95% of local health department officials agreed on the need for educational training to strengthen capability of personnel to conduct epidemic research and investigation. The level of their need for training was relatively high, while self-confidence levels of individuals to conduct epidemic research and investigation was low. It was concluded that there was a need to develop training programs to enhance the ability of public health officials, EIS officers, KCDC staff, and local health department personnel to conduct epidemic research and investigation.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Communicable Diseases ; Education ; Epidemiology ; Intelligence ; Korea ; Public Health ; Specialization ; State Government ; Surveys and Questionnaires

We used a survey about the need for an educational training of infectious disease response staff in Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) and officer in metropolitan cities and provincial government to conduct field epidemiological investigation. The survey was conducted from January 25 to March 15, 2016. A total of 173 participants were selected from four different groups as follows: 27 clinical specialists, 22 Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) officers, 82 KCDC staff, and 42 local health department officials. Results revealed that 83% of KCDC staff and 95% of local health department officials agreed on the need for educational training to strengthen capability of personnel to conduct epidemic research and investigation. The level of their need for training was relatively high, while self-confidence levels of individuals to conduct epidemic research and investigation was low. It was concluded that there was a need to develop training programs to enhance the ability of public health officials, EIS officers, KCDC staff, and local health department personnel to conduct epidemic research and investigation.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Communicable Diseases* ; Education* ; Epidemiology* ; Intelligence ; Korea* ; Public Health ; Specialization ; State Government ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Since 1993, vivax malaria has been recognized as a public health burden in Korea. Despite of pan-governmental malaria-control efforts and the dramatic reduction in the burden of this disease over the last 10 years, vivax malaria has not been well controlled and has remained continuously endemic. We focused interviewed and examined the charts of 28 confirmed vivax malaria patients given malarial therapy for whom daily records were kept from Gimpo-si, Gyeonggido of Korea. Various epidemiological characteristics of vivax malaria, including the incubation period, medication used, and recurrence, and an evaluation of the parasitic characteristics from the focused interviews of patients from this region are described here. Most of the participants indicated the 3 most common symptoms of malaria (headache, chills and fever). Of the 28 cases, 2 experienced a second attack and there were 17 and 11 cases with short- and long-term incubation periods, respectively, yielding a short-term to long-term ratio of 1.5. Based on the parasitemia stages, most of the participants were tested at 5 to 7 days (11 cases) and 7 to 15 days (11 cases) after initial wave of asexual parasites. In conclusion, public health authorities should consider developing management measures to decrease the time lag for diagnosis and drafting unified and robust guidelines for drug use for malaria and drawing up unified and robust guidelines on the use of medication for malaria. It also suggests that routine monitoring, surveillance, and precise medical surveys in high-risk vivax malaria endemic areas are pivotal to controlling this persistent public disease and finally eliminating it from Korea.

Background: and Purpose Anti-neurofascin-155 (NF155) antibody is one of the autoantibodies associated with autoimmune nodopathy. We aimed to determine the clinical features of South Korean patients with anti-NF155-antibody-positive autoimmune nodopathy. Methods: The sera of 68 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) were tested for anti-NF155 antibodies using a cellbased assay (CBA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The anti-NF155-positive sera were also assayed for NF155 immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, and for antiNF186 and NF140 antibodies. The clinical features of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Among the 68 patients, 6 (8.8%) were positive for anti-NF155 antibodies in both the CBA and ELISA. One of those six patients was also positive for anti-NF186 and anti-NF140 antibodies. IgG4 was the predominant subclass in four patients. The mean age at onset was 32.2 years. All six positive patients presented with progressive sensory ataxia. Five patients treated using corticosteroids presented a partial or no response. All six patients were treated using intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg). Among them, five exhibited a partial or poor response and the other exhibited a good response. All three patients treated using rituximab showed a good response. Conclusions The clinical characteristics of the patients were consistent with those in previous studies. Anti-NF155 antibody assay is necessary for diagnosing autoimmune nodopathy and its appropriate treatment, especially in young patients with CIDP who present with sensory ataxia and poor therapeutic responses to corticosteroids and IVIg.

We report an unusual case of metastatic thyroid papillary carcinoma directly invades the esophagus presenting as an intraluminal polypoid mass which causes hematemesis. The patient had a past medical history of thyroid nodule. Physical examination was unremarkable except the palpable thyroid mass. Esophagoscopy and esophagography revealed an intraluminal polypoid mass to the left of the cervical esophagus. Chest computed tomography showed round, homogenous, well-enhancing mass and calcifying thyroid nodule is found in front of the mass. Thyroid lobectomy and partial esophageal resection was performed. Microscopic finding showed typical features of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Metastatic thyroid papillary carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of an intraluminal polypoid esophageal mass, particularly if the patient has a known thyroid tumor.
Carcinoma, Papillary* ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Esophagoscopy ; Esophagus* ; Hematemesis* ; Humans ; Physical Examination ; Thorax ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Nodule