The present study was undertaken to observe the quality and quantity of lipids in the adult worms of Chinese liverfluke, Clonorchis sinensis. Lipid extraction was done by the methods of Folch et a1. (l957) and Kenny (1952), and then the extracted lipid fractions of the worm were separated by thin layer chromatography. Those fractions were also subjected to perform the quantitative analyses of glycerides, cholesterols and phospholipids. The results obtained were summarized as follows: Total amount of glyceride was 37.56 mg per gram of worm tissue and the amount of monoglyceride was 8.34 mg per gm; diglyceride, 15.46 mg per gm; and triglyceride, 12.86 mg per gm. Total amount of cholesterol was 3.30 mg per gm of worm tissue, and the esterified cholesterol (1.72 mg/gm) was a little more than that of free cholesterol (1.26 mg/gm). The following 8 phospholipids were detected in the worm tissue of C. sinensis, i.e., lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phophatidylinositol, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unknown phospholipid.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; biochemistry ; glyceride ; cholesterol ; phospholipid ; lipid ; lysophosphatidylcholine ; phosphatidylcholine ; phophatidylinositol ; sphingomyelin ; phosphatidylglycerol ; phosphatidylserine ; phosphatidylethanolamine

In order to understand the tissue responses of albino rat host against Paragonimus iloktsuenensis infection, the histopathological changes of the spleen and the lungs in 6 experimental groups of rats were observed in relation with the growth, maturation and migration of this lung fluke. Rats of the experimental groups, each group consisted of 5 rats, were infected with the metacercariae of P. iloktsuenensis which were isolated from brackish water crab, Sesarma dehaani, and were kept for 3 days, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 7 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks of infection period. Peripheral blood smear slides for the differential leukocyte count were prepared and also worm collection was completed immediately after the infection period. Paraffin sections of the spleen and the lung tissue were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and methyl-green-pyronin (MGP) stain. Those materials from the experimental groups were examined in comparison with the materials obtained from control group, with special reference to immunologic aspects of host response. The results obtained were as follows: The counts of large pyroninophilic cell (LPC) in the periarterial sheath of spleen were rapidly increased in earlier period of infection, and those of peribronchial lymphatic tissue started to increase after the penetration of lungfluke into the lungs. The LPC counts of both the spleen and the lungs were on the decrease in conjunction with the necrosis of the lung fluke in 14th week of infection. On observing differential leukocyte count of peripheral blood smear, the fluctuation of lymphocyte count was proportional to that of LPC count, and the lymphocyte count was consistently higher than that of normal rats. On the other hand, neutrophil count of experimental group showed reciprocal relation to the LPC counts. The nature and characteristics of pulmonary lesion produced by the P. iloktsuenensis were just the same as those produced by P. westermani. The lesions were represented by thick and fibrosclerotic cavern, granuloma due to eggs, pneumonic process and cellular infiltrations.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; paragonimiasis ; Paragonimus iloktsuenensis ; histology ; pathology ; lung ; spleen ; granuloma ; pneumonia ; hematoxylin-eosin ; methyl-green-pyronin

Radioactive (14)C-glucose(U) was given to Clonorchis sinensis in Tris buffer medium, in corder to trace the metabolic fate of the labelled carbon. The labelled carbon from glucose enters into intermediary metabolites and end products of anaeroblic glycolysis, Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and of aerobic Krebs cycle. These product were identified by one or two-dimensional paper chromatography in combination with autoradoigraphy. The labelled metabolites detected in this experiment corresponded to pyruvic acid, latic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid. Amino acids, such as alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, valine, theronine, and serine, derived by the degradation of (14)C- glycose were also found. Labelled compounds behaving like alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were observed in the chroma to gram of incubation medium. The preciptation which suggests a positive reaction for protein occured when absolute ethanol was added to the incubation medium.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; two-dimensional paper chromatography ; autoradiography ; metabolism ; glucose

Direct contact method of autoradiography was utilized in studying the distribution of exogenous C(14)-proline in Clonorchis sinensis, Eurytrema pancreaticum, Hymenolepis diminuta and Dipylidium caninum. The most distinct autoradiogram were obtained after 60 min of incubation, corresponding to the maximal absorption of C(14)-proline in these parasite. The radioactivitity of this labeled amino acid was chiefly concentrated in reproductive organs, especially egg-containing uterine tubules.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda-cestoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Eurytrema pancreaticum ; Hymenolepis diminuta ; Dipylidium caninum ; autoradiography ; C(14)-proline ; biochemistry ; amino acid

No abstract available.
Cytokines* ; Macrophages*

A histopathological study was carried out on the duodenum of mice and rats experimentally infected by F. seoulensis. Each mouse was infected wit 500 metacercariae and killed after 1, 2, 3 days, 1 and 2 weeks from infection. Each rat was given 1,000 metacercariae and was examined after 1, 2, and 4 weeks from infection. The duodenal tissue sections of mice and rats were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and PAS stained for the rats of 1 week group. The pathological findings are summarized as below. There were no differences in mucosal findings between the mice and the rats, adn between the location of duodenum, 1 and 5 cm distal to the pylorus. Each worm embraced a villus exclusively with its foliate forebody which was inserted into the intervillous spaces. The fluke pinched villous epithelia using its oral and ventral suckers. The tribocytic organ destroyed the villous epithelia deeply up to the stroma after 3 days from infection. Apparent villous changes were observed in the mice after 3 days from infection. Villous changes were shortening, widening, blunting or fusion. The villous stroma showed edema, microscopic hemorrhage, capillary congestion, dilatation of lymphatics and inflammatory cell infiltration. The cells were lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils and giant cells. Rarely submucosal and transmural inflammation was encountered.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Fibricola seoulensis ; histology ; pathology ; intestine ; rat

Synthetic genes encoding the gag p24 and the part of the envelope protein gp41 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) were cloned and overexpressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli, using an expression vector carrying 77 promoter and the poly-histidine leader sequence. The overexpressed p24 fusion protein was purified by centrifugation, Ni-affinity chromatography and CM-sepharose chromatography The overexpressed gp41 fusion protein was purified by centrifugation, C4 chromatography and DEAE-sepharose chromatography. The purified fusion proteins showed a high level of purity and immunoreactivity in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis. These results suggest that this prokaryotic expression-purification method is suitable for obtaining a large amount of the viral antigen which may be useful for screening of antibodies to HIV-1 in human blood samples.
Antibodies ; Blotting, Western ; Centrifugation ; Chromatography ; Clone Cells ; Electrophoresis ; Escherichia coli ; Genes, Synthetic ; HIV* ; HIV-1* ; Humans* ; Mass Screening

The present clinical trial was conducted to determine the efficacy and tolerance of oxantel(CP-14, 445), one of pyrimidine derivative, in the treatment of Trichocephalus trichiurus infection. One hundred eighty two cases who harboured T. trichiurus were treated with oxantel in a single dose of 10 to 25 mg/kg of body weight. For the evaluation, the negative conversion rate and egg reduction rate were calculated before and 22 days after the treatment. The results obtained were as follows: The prevalence rate of T. trichiurus infection in present study was 64.2% by examining 1,536 fecal specimens collected. The overall negative conversion rate was 66.5%, while the highest rate(93.3%) was obtained in the group treated with 20 mg/kg of oxantel (Group III). The lowest rate(56.6%) was observed in Group I (10 mg/kg). The overall egg reduction rate on present study was 90.3%. The highest rate, 100% of egg reduction was also obtained in Group III (20 mg/kg). From the observation of 1,244 expelled worms, it was known that 45.0% of collected worms were expelled on the first of post-treatment day, and male and female worms were about the same in number(1.03 : 1). Average worm burden per capita was 11.1 in this observation. The medication was readily accepted and tolerated by all the treated cases. On the hemograms, urinalysis and liver function tests, no significant differences were noted before and after the drug administration. Side reactions were so mild and transient that none required specific treatment.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; Trichocephalus trichiurus ; oxantel ; chemotherapy-trichuriasis ; drug ; hematology ; liver ; urinalysis ; side reaction

A study was carried out to evaluate the house rats in southern Korea as reservoir host of intestinal trematodes, in 13 different areas: 7 in inland and 6 in brackish-water zones, during the period from August 1980 to August 1981. A total of 170 house rats was captured; 101 rats from inland and 69 from brackish-water zones. They consisted of 129 Rattus norvegicus, 22 R. rattus rufescens, and 19 unidentified. The infection status of the rats were as follows: Total 29 rats (17.1%) were infected by one or more kinds of intestinal trematodes; 27 from inland and 2 from brackish-water zones by areas. Rats in inland were more heavily infected. The intestinal trematodes collected from rats were identified as Echinostoma hortense, E. cinetorchis, Plagiorchis muris, Fibricola seoulensis, Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus yokogawai. As a reservoir host, the rats were very important in Echinostoma hortense and E. cinetorchis infection. Rats infected with these trematodes were found widely in southern Korea, and its infection rates were the highest among the discriminated flukes. In this study, no rats were found to be infected with Heterophyes and Pygidiopsis even in endemic areas. The negligible importance of rats as reservoir host of these heterophyid should be reevaluated in the future.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; rat- Rattus norvegicus-Rattus rattus rufescens ; zoonosis ; epidemiology ; Echinostoma hortense ; Echinostoma cinetorchis ; Plagiorchis muris ; Fibricola seoulensis ; Clonorchis sinensis ; intestine ; Metagonimus yokogawai

To evaluate the Kato's cellophane thick smear techcique in detection ability of various helminth ova, authors examined 1,843 nationwidely collected stool specimens by the two methods, formalin-ether technique and cellophane thick smear technique. And the results were analyzed. The positive rates of following helminth ova were superior in cellophane thick smear technique to those of formalin-ether technique: Ascaris lumbricoides(62.3% : 51.1%), Taenia species (1.5% : 0.9%). The difference in A. lumbricoides ova detection is highly significant one. The overall positive rate for helminths ova was also higher in Kato's method (92.3% : 90.0%). The positive fates of following helminth ova were infrior in cellophane thick smear technique to those of formalin-ether technique: Hookworm (5.8% : 14.6%), Trichostrongylus orientalis(3.2% : 17.8%), Clonorchis sinensis(8.3% : 11.0%), Metagonimus yokogawai (0.6% : 1.7%) and Hymenolepis nana(0.05% : 0.3%). The positive rate for the ova of Trichocephalus trichiurus by the two methods was incidentally same, 74.1%. The causes of inferior positive rates in some helminth ova by cellophane thick smear technique were shortly discussed and suggests some opinions in improvement of detection ability.
parasitology-helminth-nematoda ; diagnosis ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Taenia species ; Hookworm ; Trichostrongylus orientalis ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Metagonimus yokogawai ; Trichocephalus trichiurus