Radioactive (14)C-glucose(U) was given to Clonorchis sinensis in Tris buffer medium, in corder to trace the metabolic fate of the labelled carbon. The labelled carbon from glucose enters into intermediary metabolites and end products of anaeroblic glycolysis, Embden-Meyerhof pathway, and of aerobic Krebs cycle. These product were identified by one or two-dimensional paper chromatography in combination with autoradoigraphy. The labelled metabolites detected in this experiment corresponded to pyruvic acid, latic acid, malic acid, succinic acid and fumaric acid. Amino acids, such as alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, valine, theronine, and serine, derived by the degradation of (14)C- glycose were also found. Labelled compounds behaving like alanine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid were observed in the chroma to gram of incubation medium. The preciptation which suggests a positive reaction for protein occured when absolute ethanol was added to the incubation medium.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; Clonorchis sinensis ; two-dimensional paper chromatography ; autoradiography ; metabolism ; glucose

During 1964 to 1967, a survey of 30,534 persons for filariasis was made on all over the country with the following results: Among 24,816 draftees from all over the country in the army recruitment camp 155(0.63 %) were found infected with Brugia malayi. Cheju Do showed the highest microfilaria rate(3.5 %), North Kyongsang Do(1.4 %) the next and South Cholla Do(1.2 %) the third. Blood films from 2,308 inhabitants were examined and 407(17.6 %) showed microfilaria in Cheju Do. 30(3.1 %) out of 974 inhabitants in North Kyongsang Do were found to be infected. The microfilaria rates were 2.0 per cent for 400 inhabitants of Chindo island in South Cholla Do. However, no positive case of microfilaria was found in the inhabitants of Kokumdo among 1,820 persons examined in South Cholla Do and of Namhae island(among 165 persons examined) in South Kyongsang Do. The mean microfilarial density per 20 cu. mm of blood was 52.6 in the inhabitants of Cheju Do, 12.2 in North Kyongsang Do and 27.3 in Chindo island(South Cholla Do). Any distinct relationship between the incidence of positive cases of microfilariae and age or sex of the cases was not observed in Cheju Do. However, in Norh Kyongsang Do and South Cholla Do the microfilaria rate of the male group is higher than the one of the female group of the inhabitants. From the above survey results it turned out that filariasis was found throughout Southern Korea except Kyonggi Do and South Kyongsang Do. A total 30,534 persons examined, 601(2.0 %) were found to be infected by Brugia malayi. Therefore, it seems that there are some endemic foci of malayian filariasis in three main areas such as North Kyongsang Do, South Cholla Do and Cheju Do.
parsitology-helminth-nematoda-Brugia malayi ; filariasis ; epidemiology ; Army

Ki-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma is a newly described high-grade lymphoma and is defined by histopathological and immunologic criteria. We experienced a case of systemically involving Ki-1 positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma in a 44 year- old female which initially manifested as pleural effusion. Abdominopelvic CT scan showed the evidence of marked lymphadenopathy in retroperitoneal and both external and inguinal lymph nodes. On cytologic examination of pleural fluid, tumor cells revealed pleomorphic large isolated cells with prominent nucleoli and abundant cytoplasms. The nuclei were large with irregular profiles including some deep invaginations. Also, occasional multilobed/ multinucleated and binucleated nuclei were seen. Immunohistochemical examination was performed to differentiate from the undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and malignant histiocytosis. The neoplastic cells were positive for leukocyte common antigen, CD3, CD30(Ki-1) but negative for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and CD15. A histologic diagnosis of Ki-1 positive anaplastic lymphoma was made by biopsies of the inguinal lymph node, polypoid lesions of the stomach and cecum.
Adenocarcinoma ; Amyloid ; Antigens, CD45 ; Biopsy ; Cecum ; Child* ; Cytoplasm ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Histiocytic Sarcoma ; Hodgkin Disease ; Humans ; Keratins ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic Diseases ; Lymphoma ; Lymphoma, Large-Cell, Anaplastic ; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ; Mucin-1 ; Multiple Myeloma ; Pleural Effusion ; Stomach ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Klinefelter's syndrome (KFS) is a gonosomal aberration disease that occurs in males, and is characterized by 47, XXY karyotype, hypogonadism and a lack of secondary sexual characteristics. A potential link between this hormonally deficient syndrome and autoimmune disease, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), has been reported. On the other hand, KFS is rarely reported to be accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and there are no Korean cases reported. We report the first Korean case of a KFS patient with sero-positive RA and discuss the role of the pathogenesis of RA with KFS.
Aluminum Hydroxide ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Autoimmune Diseases ; Carbonates ; Hand ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Karyotype ; Klinefelter Syndrome ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; Male ; X Chromosome

PURPOSE: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is the most common glomerulopathy causing pediatric renal failure. Since specific treatment targeting the etiology and pathophysiology of primary FSGS is yet elusive, the authors explored the pathophysiology of FSGS by transcriptome analysis of the disease using an animal model. METHODS: FGS/kist strain, a mouse model of primary FSGS, and RFM/kist strain, as control and the parent strain of FGS/kist, were used. Kidney tissues were harvested and isolated renal cortex was used to extract mRNA, which was run on AB 1700 mouse microarray chip after reverse transcription to get the transcriptome profile. RESULTS: Sixty two genes were differentially expressed in FGS/kist kidney tissue compared to the control. Those genes were related to cell cycle/cell death, immune reaction, and lipid metabolism/vasculopathy, and the key molecules of their networks were TNF, IL-6/4, IFNgamma, TP53, and PPARgamma. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that renal cell death, immune system activation with subsequent fibrosis, and lipid metabolism-related early vasculopathy were involved in the pathophysiology of FSGS. In addition, the relevance of methodology used in this study, namely transcriptome profiling, and Korean animal model of FGS/kist was validated. Further study would reveal novel pathophysiology of FSGS for new therapeutic targets.
Animals ; Cell Death ; Fibrosis ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental ; Humans ; Immune System ; Kidney ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Parents ; Renal Insufficiency ; Reverse Transcription ; RNA, Messenger ; Sprains and Strains ; Transcriptome

BACKGROUND: The correlations among polymorphisms of the Fc alpha receptor gene (Fc alpha R), its mRNA expressions, and clinical features of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and Henoch-Scholein nephritis (HSN) in children were analyzed. METHODS: In children with IgAN (n=26) and HSN (n=30), genotypes for -114 T/C and +6 T/C polymorphisms in the promoter region of Fc alpha R gene were determined by PCR-RFLP. And Fc alpha R mRNA expressions from the peripheral mononuclear cells (n=41) were semi-quantitatively measured by competitive RT-PCR. The clinico-pathological findings were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: The distributions of -114 T/C and +56 T/C genotypes were not different between total patients and controls. However, the frequency of -114 CC genotype was significantly higher in the HSN patients than in control (13.3% vs 2.0%, OR=7.54, p<0.05). The genotypes for the two polymorphisms did not correlate with either clinical presentations or disease courses. The Fc alpha R mRNA expression showed no difference between patients and controls, and did not correlate with serum IgA level, either. CONCLUSION: The -114 T/C polymorphism of the Fc alpha R gene contributes as a risk factor for the development of HSN in children. However, the genotypic differences do not affect Fc alpha R mRNA transcription and not correlate with clinical features and disease courses.
Child* ; Genes, vpr ; Genotype ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A* ; Nephritis* ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; RNA, Messenger*

PURPOSE: The long term disease course and prognostic factors were evaluated in childhood Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis(HSPN). METHODS: A total of 75 children(44 boys and 31 girls) with HSPN were included in this study. The onset age was 8.0+/-3.1 years(2.3-15.3 years), and the follow-up period was 4.3+/-3.6 years(1.0-17.1 years). Kidney biopsy was done in 24 children(32%). Initial clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated. In addition, polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin system(RAS) genes(insertion/deletion in intron 16 of ACE gene, M235T in AGT gene, and A1166C in AGTR gene) were analysed. The initial and last clinical states were classified into 4 groups as follows:A, normal; B, minor urinary abnormalities; C, active renal disease (nephrotic-range proteinuria and/or hypertension with serum creatinine < or =1.5 mg/dL); D, renal insufficiency. RESULTS: At the onset, the clinical states of the patients were B in 26(35%), C in 46(61%), and D, in 3(4%). The distribution of the RAS gene polymorphism of HSPN were not different from that of 100 healthy control subjects. At the last follow-up, the clinical states of the patients were A in 23(31%), B in 38(50%), C in 9(12%), and D in 5(7%). A multiple logistic regression identified age at the onset and initial urine protein excretion as significant prognostic factors. Analysis of genotypes of the 3 RAS genes as prognostic values revealed no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Older age at onset and severe proteinuria were identified as poor prognostic factors of childhood HSPN. Implication of the RAS gene polymorphism in HSPN could not be validated in this small-scale retrospective study.
Age of Onset ; Angiotensins ; Biopsy ; Child* ; Creatinine ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genes, ras ; Genotype ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Introns ; Kidney ; Logistic Models ; Nephritis* ; Proteinuria ; Purpura, Schoenlein-Henoch* ; Renal Insufficiency ; Renin ; Retrospective Studies

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive, and disabling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an uncertain etiopathogenesis. CD can involve any site of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, and is associated with serious complications, such as bowel strictures, perforations, and fistula formation. The incidence and prevalence rates of CD in Korea are still lower compared with those in Western countries, but they have been rapidly increasing during the recent decades. Although there are no definitive curative modalities for CD, various medical and surgical therapies have been applied for the treatment of this disease. Concerning CD management, there have been substantial discrepancies among clinicians according to their personal experience and preference. To suggest recommendable approaches to the diverse problems of CD and to minimize the variations in treatment among physicians, guidelines for the management of CD were first published in 2012 by the IBD Study Group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. These are the revised guidelines based on updated evidence, accumulated since 2012. These guidelines were developed by using mainly adaptation methods, and encompass induction and maintenance treatment of CD, treatment based on disease location, treatment of CD complications, including stricture and fistula, surgical treatment, and prevention of postoperative recurrence. These are the second Korean guidelines for the management of CD and will be continuously revised as new evidence is collected.
Anal Canal ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Crohn Disease* ; Fistula ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Intestinal Diseases ; Korea ; Mouth ; Prevalence ; Recurrence

Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, progressive, and disabling inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with an uncertain etiopathogenesis. CD can involve any site of the gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus, and is associated with serious complications, such as bowel strictures, perforations, and fistula formation. The incidence and prevalence rates of CD in Korea are still lower compared with those in Western countries, but they have been rapidly increasing during the recent decades. Although there are no definitive curative modalities for CD, various medical and surgical therapies have been applied for the treatment of this disease. Concerning CD management, there have been substantial discrepancies among clinicians according to their personal experience and preference. To suggest recommendable approaches to the diverse problems of CD and to minimize the variations in treatment among physicians, guidelines for the management of CD were first published in 2012 by the IBD Study Group of the Korean Association for the Study of the Intestinal Diseases. These are the revised guidelines based on updated evidence, accumulated since 2012. These guidelines were developed by using mainly adaptation methods, and encompass induction and maintenance treatment of CD, treatment based on disease location, treatment of CD complications, including stricture and fistula, surgical treatment, and prevention of postoperative recurrence. These are the second Korean guidelines for the management of CD and will be continuously revised as new evidence is collected.
Anal Canal ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Crohn Disease* ; Fistula ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ; Intestinal Diseases ; Korea ; Mouth ; Prevalence ; Recurrence

BACKGROUND: Bronchiolitis and bronchiolitis obliterans(BO) are an inflammatory lung diseases that primarily affects the small conducting airways. There are few data regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, long term sequelae, and the therapy of bronchiolitis obliterans. The aim of the study is to determine the clinical profile, etiology, high resolution computed tomography(HRCT) findings and response to treatment in Korean children diagnosed with BO. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study to define the clinical course, HRCT findinding, etiologic agents, initial and follow-up symptom score(Denver), and response to intravenous corticosteroid of 34 children with BO in four university hospitals between February 1995 and February 2000. RESULTS: Median age of diagnosis of BO was 17.5 months(3 to 79 months), that of initial infectious insult was 11 months(3 to 79 months), and median duration of BO diagnosed after acute illness was 1 month(1 to 32 months). Clinical manifestations are prolonged/recurrent cough(97%), sputum(85%), respiratory difficulty(65%), wheeze(59%), fever(44%), and exertional dyspnea(18%). HRCT findings included mosaic perfusion(65%), bronchial wall thickening(62%), atelectasis(47%), hyperinflation(44%), varying degrees of bronchiectasis(35%), and ground glass opacity(25%). Thirty two cases were associated with infections and most common infectious agents was adenovirus(n=15, 44%). Other infections were influenza virus (n=3, 9%), mycoplasma(n=2, 6%), respiratory syncytial virus(n=1, 3%), and parainfluenza virus(n=1, 3%). Initial symptom scores were higher in intravenous corticosteroid treated group than untreated group, and follow-up scores were decreased in both groups. CONCLUSION: Most cases associated with infection and Adenovirus was the most common cause of BO. Corticosteroid treatment during the acute and chronic phases may improve the functional status of BO patients.
Adenoviridae ; Bronchiolitis Obliterans* ; Bronchiolitis* ; Child* ; Diagnosis ; Epidemiology ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glass ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Retrospective Studies