No abstract available.
Emphysema* ; Tuberculosis*

No abstract available.
Bronchiectasis* ; Child* ; Humans

No abstract available.
Lymph Nodes* ; Tuberculosis*

PURPOSE: Although breast milk is considered the best source of nutrition for infants because of its superiority over powdered milk, there are circumstances when breast milk is unavailable. Committee on Nutrition of the Korean Pediatric Society conducted an investigation into the current status of formula feeding in Korea. METHODS: This investigation was conducted using questionnaires produced by our committee and distributed to mothers of children under the age of two who were using formula feeding at 10 university hospitals and 22 public health centers nationwide between March 1999 to September 1999. A comparative analysis according to location, birth order, mother's occupation, education, housing tenure and normal birth status was performed on all 2696 questionnaires using the chi-square test. RESULTS: Formula feeding was found in 49.4% and formula feeding combined with breast milk were 21.5% of the respondents. The percentage of formula feeding was higher in working mothers who underwent a Cesarean section in metropolitan areas. The inadequacy of breast milk was the most common reason for feeding powdered rnilk followed by the unhealthy condition of the mother and mother's return to work. Of those investigated, 94.9% said that they changed products at each stage as recommended by the manufacturer. Promotions for special formulas were more active in metropolitan areas than other areas, and 57.7M said that they used special formulas based on recornmendations by the doctor and acquaintances(15.5%) or after seeing an advertisement(14.0%). CONCLUSION: This investigation revealed that many rnothers were misinformed concerning formula feeding and pediatricians should provide mothers with education, shedding light on proper feeding methods.
Birth Order ; Cesarean Section ; Child ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Feeding Methods ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Housing ; Humans ; Infant* ; Korea ; Milk ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Occupations ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Public Health ; Return to Work

PURPOSE: Body mass index(BMI), skinfold thickness and arm circumference are commonly used to evaluate obesity in children. There is a need for new standards of these items on Korean children. We performed this study to provide up-to-date reference percentile values and percentile charts for these three items. METHODS: Standardized measurements of height, weight, skinfold thickness(triceps, subscapular) and arm circumference on a total of 31,188 infants and children from age 1 to 18 years during January to December 1998 were used to calculate percentile values and to develop smoothed percentile charts. RESULTS: The mean BMI increased with age and showed similar values in both sexes, but 95th percentile values were slightly higher for boys than girls. The percentile values of BMI were consistently higher than those reported previously in Korea, particularly for the 95th percetile values. Triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness showed significant increase compared with previous studies and significantly higher for females than males. Arm circumference also showed significant increase compared with the previous studies. It was significantly higher for males than females. BMI was more closely related with arm circumference than skinfold thickness. CONCLUSION: The percentile values and percentile charts of BMI, skinfold thickness and arm circumference will allow pediatricians to evaluate obesity in Korean children.
Arm* ; Body Mass Index* ; Child* ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Male ; Obesity ; Skinfold Thickness*

PURPOSE: A Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of common problems during first year of life. Though milk caused allergic problems, their parents didn't know it, and gave milk to their children. But the parents don't give milk to their children if they know it. Therefore it may cause problems of growth and development in children. The purpose of this study is to analyze those clinical features of milk allergy confirmed by oral provocation test. METHODS: We carried out the retrospective study on 21 patients who had been performed oral milk provocation test at Yonsei university children's allergic clinic. RESULTS: 9 out of 21cases (43%) showed positive milk oral provocation test. The most common clinical symptom & sign was urticaria, followed by respiratory symptoms and abdominal symptoms. The rate which past history and positive skin test corresponded to oral provocation test was very high (100%). CONCLUSION: The most valuable diagnosis of food allergy is oral provocation test. However, predictive value of allergy skin test and past history was very high in milk allergy.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Growth and Development ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Milk* ; Parents ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin Tests ; Urticaria

PURPOSE: Buckwheat is one of the most common food allegen in Korea and frequently elicit severe allergic reactions. However, up to now, only few reports on buckwheat allergens have been reproted. The purpose of this study was to isolate mRNA for the production of recombinant buckwheat allergens. METHODS: After the isolation of mRNA from ripening buckwheat seeds, in vitro translation was performed. The proteim patters of in vitro traslate products were identified using SDS-PAGE. RESULTS: A260/A260 ratio total RNA was 1.9 and mRNA was 2.0. In vitro translate products showed towered molecular buckwheat proteins such as 1, 3, and 14kD, while other high molecular weight protein of buckwheat seed were not shown in SDS-PAGE. CONCLUSION: mRNA of buckwheat was purified only from ripening seeds. The composition of mRNA was different according to the ripening periods. It is believed that this finding can give a clue to the basic research of buckwheat allergen.
Allergens ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Fagopyrum* ; Hypersensitivity ; Korea ; Molecular Weight ; RNA ; RNA, Messenger

PURPOSE: Cat is the pet which many of us quite frequently contact without any specific precautions. According to the allergy skin tests conducted in children, cat antigen shows a comparatively high positive reaction, and past history also shows that there are many patients who suffer allergies from cat contacts. Therefore, once it is diagnosed as an allergy caused by cat, it is important that patients be isolated in order to restrict their contact with cat. In this context, this study was conducted for the purpose of finding out how serious and how frequent the allergies by cat contacts are. METHODS: Forty five children patients who visited to the Allergy Clinic for Children, Severance Hospital annexed to the Medical College, Yonsei University were enrolled in this study. Some of patients had shown a positive reaction against cat antigen in the allergy skin test, and others had a past history of developing symtoms when contacted by cat. The patients were isolated from cat for seven days, and then contacted with cats for 30 minutes and observed the provocated symptoms. RESULTS: 1) Among the tested patients, the number of cases who were provocated by the symptoms after cat contact were 18 (40%). 2) Among those patients who were shown to be positive only in allergy skin test, only 24.2% proved to be provocated by the symptoms, while 90.0% of those who had a past history in addition to allergy skin test proved to be provocated by the symptoms. 3) Symptoms provocated after cat contact showed allergic rhinitis patients 88.2% which was the highest ratio, bronchical asthma, 35.3%, urticaria, 29.4%, and allergic conjunctivitis, 23.5%, respectively. 4) The onset and duration of symptoms provcated were under 10 minutes and from 30 to 60 minutes, which included most cases in the test. 5) Total IgE and eosinophil count of patients did not show any meaningful differences between the group which was provocated and that which was not provocated. CONCLUSION: It was shown that 40% patients who were suspected of cat allergy had a positive reaction to the cat contact provocation test. Ninety percents of patients who showed both positive allergy skin test and past history were provocated after cat contact.
Animals ; Asthma ; Cats* ; Child ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic ; Eosinophils ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Rhinitis ; Skin Tests ; Urticaria

PURPOSE: There are compelling evidences that house dust mites are important in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Recently, detection of house dust mite allergens from clothing, skin, and dust from human hair has been reported. To evaluate the importance of house dust mite exposure in the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis. METHODS: We measured house dust mite allergens (Der f1 from Dermatophagoides farinae and Der p1 from D. pteronyssinus) in scalp dander from 27 children with atopic dermatitis and 41 children with asthma only by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and examined correlation between house dust mite allergen concentrations in scalp dander and clinical severity of atopic dermatitis in children. RESULTS: Der f1 was detectable in scalp dander samples of 32 patients (47%) from overall 68 patient and Der p1 was detectable in 33 patients (49%). House dust mite allergens (Der f1 or Der p1) were detectable in scalp dander samples of 46 patients (70%) from overall 68 patient. There was no significant differences in house dust mite allergen levels between atopic dermatitis patients and patients with asthma only. There was a tendency of inverse correlation between frequency of scalp washing and concentration of Der f1 in scalp dander extract (r=-0.24, P=0.052). There was a significant correlation between severity grade of atopic dermatitis and concentration of Der f1 in scalp dander (r=0.39, P<0.05) in 27 children with atopic dermatitis. However, there was no significant correlation between severity grade of atopic dermatitis and concentration of Der p1 in scalp dander (r=-0.05, P>0.05). CONCLUSION: There was a significant correlation between house dust mite allergen concentrations in scalp dander and clinical severity in children with atopic dermatitis. And these results suggest that exposure to house dust mite allergen is important in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.
Allergens ; Asthma ; Child* ; Clothing ; Dander* ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Dermatophagoides farinae ; Dust* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hair ; Humans ; Pyroglyphidae* ; Scalp* ; Skin

PURPOSE: Cockroaches have been reported one of the major causes of allergic disease such as bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis. About 10% of children and 20% of adult respiratory allergy patients have positive results of allergy skin tests to cockroach allergen. This finding suggests that cockroach is also important allergen in Korea. Among 4,000 species, German cockroach seems predominant species in the Korean peninsula. Identification and charactrerization of the major allergen is the first step in German cockroach allergen research. But, there have been controversies. It may depends upon different identifying methods. The aim of our study was to identify the major allergen in German cockroach using Westernblot. METHODS: Crude German cockroach allergen extracts with or without protease inhibitor cocktail mixture were prepared, and protein patterns of these two extracts were compared using SDS-PAGE and Coommssie stain. Sera from 32 atopic asthmatic patients with positive allergy skin test against cockroach allergen were used for IgE immunoblot. RESULTS: Coomassie stain after SDS-PAGE demonstrated some discordance between the differently prepared crude allergen extracts. In comparison with the allergen extract which abolished endogenous protease activity, the untreated extract revealed new 32, 55 and 78 kD protein bands and 41 kD protein band was disappeared. About 60% of sera with positive allergy skin test revealed IgE binding bands in Westernblot. Among them, 10, 21, 25, 36 and 52 kD protein band might seemed important German cockroach allergen. CONCLUSION: Finding above may suggest that endogenous protease could denature allergenic proteins in the process of crude cockroach allergen extract. The 10, 21, 25, 36, and 52 kD might be the important allergens in German cockroach.
Adult ; Allergens ; Asthma ; Blattellidae* ; Child ; Cockroaches ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E ; Korea ; Protease Inhibitors ; Rhinitis ; Skin Tests