PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate sexual maturation, attitudes toward sexual maturity, and body esteem in the sexual development of Korean elementary-school boys and girls. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 399 fifth and sixth graders (192 boys and 207 girls). The data were analysed with a χ2 test, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Among the 207 girls, 70.5% had pubic hair growth, 68.1% had breast development, and 56.0% had a menstrual period. In boys, 59.4% of the 192 subjects experienced the development of external genitalia and 52.6% had pubic hair growth. Sexual maturation was related to grade (boys, t=7.07, p=.008; girls, t=12.76, p < .001), age (t=−2.20, p=.030; t=−4.11, p < .001), height (t=−5.16, p < .001; t=−7.52, p < .001), and weight (t=−2.89, p=.004; t=−5.19, p < .001) in both boys and girls. Girls were more likely to have sexual maturity than boys (χ2=22.29, p < .001). Boys showed more positive attitudes toward sexual maturity (t=2.10, p=.036) and higher body esteem (t=2.12, p=.035) than girls. CONCLUSION: This study shows that sexual maturation, attitude toward sexual maturity, and body esteem in sexual development differ between boys and girls. The findings indicate that it is necessary to develop a tailored sex-education program according to the sex of elementary-school children.
Breast ; Child* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Genitalia ; Hair ; Humans ; Sexual Development ; Sexual Maturation*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the applicability of a flipped learning course in Women's Health Nursing for nursing students. METHODS: A total of 200 senior nursing students participated in flipped learning class of pregnancy, delivery and postpartum area, which included team-based learning and self-reflection for 8 weeks. One group pre-post test design was adopted and the changes in learning motivation and satisfaction were examined. In addition, reflective journals of the students were analyzed by making a qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: Students showed a significant increase in score of learning motivation in the posttest (t=-4.47, p<.001). They had a mean of 3.90 in learning satisfaction out of possible five points. As a result of content analysis, three themes were selected: ‘Improved attitude toward active learning’, ‘Burden caused by excessive workload’, and ‘Valuing to the team-based activity’ To be specific, six sub-themes were selected, with three positive and three negative categories: ‘improved class attention and understanding’, ‘positive class participation by preparing lessons in advance’, ‘peer interactions through discussion’, ‘A lot of time and effort consuming’, ‘stress caused by the burden of preparing lessons’, and ‘difficulties in cooperative activities’. CONCLUSION: This study supports and confirms that the flipped learning can be a creative instructional model of positive teaching-learning strategy in clinical nursing courses to enhance students' learning motivation.
Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Humans ; Learning* ; Methods* ; Models, Educational ; Motivation ; Nursing* ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Students, Nursing ; Women's Health

Purpose: Endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy (E-NSM) is a minimally invasive surgical technique that shows good results in patients with breast cancer. The authors compared 3 different types of commercial energy devices to examine their efficacy and safety in E-NSM performed with breast reconstruction. Methods: A total of 36 cases of E-NSM were conducted with either Sonicision (S group, n = 11), Harmonic (H group, n = 6), or Thunderbeat (T group, n = 19). The clinicopathologic factors and postoperative complications, including nipple or skin necrosis and surgical site seroma volume, were evaluated for 3 months after surgery. Results: The surgical duration of E-NSM was significantly shorter in the S group than in the H group (P = 0.043) and T group (P = 0.037). However, the total surgical duration including E-NSM and breast reconstruction, and the total and daily drainage volume of postoperative seroma did not differ significantly among the 3 groups. Even when the energy devices were compared according to their working principle, i.e., ultrasonic (S and H) vs. hybrid (T), the total breast surgery duration and total and daily drainage volume of seroma showed no difference between the 2 groups. Although surgeon satisfaction did not significantly differ when using 3 devices for E-NSM (P = 0.428), surgeon’s fatigue was found to be lowest in the S group, though it was not significant (P = 0.064). Conclusion Any energy device can be safely used for E-NSM with breast reconstruction without causing any major complications. However, cordless ultrasonic energy devices allow greater mobility for the surgeon and, therefore, may shorten surgical time in breast surgery.

Recently, several breast surgeons have reported a new method for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) by using indocyanine green (ICG) with infrared camera. This study aimed to determine whether the lymph nodes (LNs) with ICG uptake are true SLNs and to assess the reliability of using only ICG for SLNB. Data were prospectively collected between April and September 2021. All palpable LNs were fat-trimmed and ordered from high to low signal of the gamma detector. The degree of radioisotope uptake and brightness of ICG staining of the axillary LNs detected with a fluorescent camera were compared and associated factors were analyzed. Discordance was defined as sentinel LNs (SLNs) showing a single uptake of radioisotope or fluorescence of ICG only, or when the orders of uptake and intensity degree were different between the 2 materials. A total of 79 SLNBs were performed on 78 patients with breast cancer. The breast cancer was classified as cTis-2N0-1. The discordance rate was 14/79 (17.7%) overall and 45/270 (16.7%) of the total retrieved axillary LNs. The first SLNs showed the lowest discordance rate of 6.3%, whereas the second and third SLNs showed higher discordance rates of 27.6% and 60.0%, respectively. There were no associated clinicopathologic factors that affected the discordance between uptake of radioisotope and fluorescence intensity of ICG. The use of ICG alone for SLNB may be insufficient because of the high discordance rates between radioisotopes and ICG uptake. However, the first SLN could be cautiously regarded as a true SLN.