Acute thyroid abscess is an uneommon type of neck infection. We experieneed a case of staphylococcal thyroid abscess in 29 year old man, diagnosed by needle aspira~tion and culture of the aspirate. The patient had complained fever and slowly growing anterior neck swelling. Needle aspiration of the cold nodule prior to broad spectrum antibiotics was performed. After Surgical excision combined with antibiotics, he was discharged with elinical improvement. The laboratory diagnosis and clinical course was summarized and is reported with relevent references.
Abscess ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Fever ; Humans ; Neck ; Needles ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus ; Thyroid Gland

Purpose: Current guidelines recommend clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) at regular time intervals for patients with spinal cord injuries; however, many patients experience difficulties. Performing time-based CIC outside the home is a significant burden for patients. In this study, we aimed to overcome the limitations of the current guidelines by developing a digital device to monitor bladder urine volume in real-time. Methods: The optode sensor is a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-based wearable device intended to be attached to the skin of the lower abdomen where the bladder is located. The sensor’s primary function is to detect changes in urine volume within the bladder. An in vitro study was conducted using a bladder phantom that mimicked the optical properties of the lower abdomen. To validate the data in the human body at the proof-of-concept level, one volunteer attached the device to the lower abdomen to measure the light intensity between the first voiding and immediately before the second voiding. Results: The degree of attenuation at the maximum test volume was equivalent across experiments, and the optode sensor with multiplex measurements demonstrated robust performance for patient diversity. Moreover, the symmetric feature of the matrix was deemed a potential parameter for identifying the accuracy of sensor localization in a deep-learning model. The validated feasibility of the sensor showed almost the same results as an ultrasound scanner, which is routinely used in the clinical field. Conclusions The optode sensor of the NIRS-based wearable device can measure the urine volume in the bladder in real-time.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between serum total testosterone levels and scores on the Aging Male's Symptom (AMS) scale and the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) in men with erectile dysfunction with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2005 to July 2008, 134 patients who complained of sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction or decreased libido as the main symptoms of TDS with serum total testosterone levels less than 3.5 ng/ml were evaluated by independent t-test and linear regression analysis, respectively. Patients with treated hypogonadism within 6 months, with a history of taking a PDE5 inhibitor or an antidepressant for a depressive disorder, or who had metabolic syndrome were excluded from this study. RESULTS: The AMS scale and its 3 subdomain scores were not significantly correlated with the total testosterone level. By contrast, the total IIEF score and the score of each IIEF domain except sexual desire showed a weakly significantly positive correlation with serum total testosterone. CONCLUSIONS: In TDS patients with erectile dysfunction, there was a low relationship between serum total testosterone levels and the AMS scale and a weakly positive correlation between total testosterone levels and all IIEF domains except sexual desire. There was a low relationship between the AMS scale, the sexual desire domain score of the IIEF, and total testosterone. We should understand these limitations when evaluating patients with erectile dysfunction with TDS. New scales should be developed for the evaluation of erectile dysfunction in these patients.
Aging ; Depressive Disorder ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Libido ; Linear Models ; Male ; Sorbitol ; Testosterone ; Tyramine ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: In modern society, many workers are stressed. Supervisors' support or behavior can affect the emotional or psychological part of the worker. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of supervisor's behavior on worker's stress. METHODS: The study included 19,272 subjects following the assignment of weighted values to workers other than soldiers using data from the Fourth Korean Working Condition Survey. Supervisors' behavior was measured using 5 items: “supervisor feedback regarding work,”“respectful attitude,”“good conflict-resolution ability,”“good work-related planning and organizational ability,” and the encouragement of participation in important decision making. Job stress was measured using 1 item: “I experience stress at work.” Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of supervisors' behavioral, general, occupational, and psychosocial characteristics on job stress in workers. Organizational characteristics associated with supervisors' behavior were also analyzed. RESULTS: The results showed that supervisors' provision of feedback regarding work increased workers' job stress (OR = 1.329, 95% CI = 1.203 ~ 1.468). When a supervisor respect workers (OR = 0.812, 95% CI = 0.722 ~ 0.913) or good at planning and organizing works (OR = 0.816, 95% CI: 0.732 ~ 0.910), workers' job stress decreased. In particular, the two types of supervisor behaviors, other than feedback regarding work, were high in private-sector organizations employing less than 300 employees. CONCLUSION: Supervisors' behavior influenced job stress levels in workers. Therefore, it is necessary to increase education regarding the effects of supervisors' behavior on job stress, which should initially be provided in private-sector organizations with up to 300 employees.
Decision Making ; Education ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Military Personnel ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits*

It has recently become possible to record electrical activity originationg from abnormally conducting myocardium from the body surface with high-gain amplification and averaging technique. These signals, which result from delayed ventricular activation(late potentials), have been recorded in patients with documented ventricular tachyarrythmia. Several electrode lead system for detecting ventricular late potential were introduced. Pyramidal electrode lead system(PLS) is useful. Also interpretation of SAECG in the young could be of value in detecting those at risk for episodic ventricular tachycardia, but suffer from a lack of data in normal young people. There was no difference between normal values, determined by FLS and PLS at high pass filtering of 25 Hz and 80 Hz, but significant, difference was found in HFLAD and RMS-40 of 40 Hz (p<0.05). These results will provide a basis for interpretations of SAECG, determined by FLS and PLS in healthy young adults with normal QRS duration. SELECTION OF SUBJECTS: For this study, normal healthy young adult volunteers (age : mean 24 years) were recruited from the medical students at Yeungnam University Hospital, Internal Medicine. Twenty fourths male and seventeenths female subjects were selected. All subjects had normal resting ECGs as judged from both the standard 12 channel lead and echocardiography, and none had a history of cardiovascular disease. All subjects were considered to be in good general physical condition. SIGNAL-AVERAGED ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY: In order to obtain low noise recordings with a small number of averaging cycles, all subject ware asked to relax completely in the supine position. Silver/silver chloride electrodes were attached after the skin was cleaned with alcohol, to constitute classic flank lead system(FLS) and pyramidal lead system(PLS). Signals were recorded and processed using a commercially available microprocessor-augmented ECG cart(Marquette Electronics, USA) suitable for portable bedside recording.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography* ; Electrodes ; Female ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Male ; Myocardium ; Noise ; Patient Selection ; Reference Values ; Skin ; Students, Medical ; Supine Position ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Volunteers ; Young Adult*

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic surgery is replacing conventional surgical techniques due to its many advantages. However the possibility of respiratory complications during CO2-induced pneumoperitoneum remain. Tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) has been shown to be a useful adjunct to mechanical ventilation in hypercapneic patients. This study investigated the effectiveness of TGI in reducing the PaCO2 level in hypercapneic patients during laparoscopic surgery without increasing the peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and usefulness of a Univent tube(R) as a device for TGI. METHODS:Twenty-four patients who were scheduled to undergo gynecological laparoscopic surgery, were enrolled in this study. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol, rocuronium and N2O-O2-sevoflurane. The suction port of the endobronchial blocker of the Univent tube(R) was used for the path of TGI. Data including the ABGA and respiratory parameters were measured three times, the pre-CO2 peritoneum (pre-CO2 pneumoperitoneum point, PCP), 15 min after CO2 peritoneum (after-CO2 pneumoperitoneum point, ACP) and after 15 min TGI (TGI point, TGIP). RESULTS: At ACP, the PaCO2 and PIP had increased more significantly than PCP. After TGI, the PaCO2 was decreased more significantly than ACP, but the PIP did not increased. CONCLUSIONS: TGI is a useful adjunct to mechanical ventilation in hypercapneic patients during laparoscopic surgery, and a univent tube(R) is an economic and convenient device for TGI.
Anesthesia ; Humans ; Insufflation* ; Laparoscopy* ; Peritoneum ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Propofol ; Respiration, Artificial ; Suction

PURPOSE: Although inconsistent, reports have shown fibrinogen levels to be associated with atherosclerosis. Accordingly, since cigarette smoking is associated with increased levels of fibrinogen and atherosclerosis, it may also affect the association between fibrinogen and atherosclerosis. We investigated the associations between fibrinogen and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) according to smoking status in a Korean male population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma fibrinogen levels were measured in 277 men aged 40-87 years without a history of myocardial infarction or stroke. High-resolution B-mode ultrasonography was used to examine the common carotid arteries. IMT level was analyzed both as a continuous (IMT-max, maximum value; IMT-tpm, 3-point mean value) and categorical variable (higher IMT; presence of plaque). Serial linear and logistic regression models were employed to examine the association between fibrinogen and IMT according to smoking status. RESULTS: Fibrinogen levels were positively associated with IMT-max (standardized beta=0.25, p=0.021) and IMT-tpm (standardized beta=0.21, p=0.038), even after adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in current smokers (n=75). No significant association between fibrinogen and IMT, however, was noted in former smokers (n=80) or nonsmokers (n=122). Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for having plaque per one standard deviation higher fibrinogen level were 2.06 (1.09-3.89) for current smokers, 0.68 (0.43-1.10) for former smokers, and 1.06 (0.60-1.87) for nonsmokers. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that cigarette smoking may modify the association between fibrinogen and carotid atherosclerosis. Further studies are required to confirm this finding in different populations.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics & numerical data ; Atherosclerosis/*ultrasonography ; Blood Pressure ; Body Mass Index ; Carotid Artery Diseases/*blood/epidemiology/ultrasonography ; Carotid Artery, Common ; *Carotid Intima-Media Thickness ; Cholesterol/blood ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Fibrinogen/*analysis ; Humans ; Lipoproteins, HDL/blood ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Smoking/*adverse effects/blood/epidemiology ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: Health problems in shift workers vary including obesity acting as a risk factor in cerebrovascular diseases. Recent studies have commonly determined the prevalence of obesity in shift workers on the basis of body mass index. The accuracy of BMI for diagnosing obesity are still limited apparently. Consequently, this study aimed to determine the relationship between shift work and obesity according to the total body fat percentage in Korean wage workers. METHODS: From the Fourth and the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2011), after military personnel were excluded, a total of 2952 wage workers (20 < or = age < or = 65) whose current jobs were their longest jobs were selected as subjects of the study. The total body fat percentage was used to determine the obesity standards (> or =25.7 % in males and > or =36.0 % in females). The subjects were divided into groups by gender and work type (manual vs non-manual), and chi-squared test was used to evaluate the relationship between socio-economic, health behavior, and work-related factors, on the one hand, and obesity, on the other. In addition, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of shift work on obesity. RESULTS: When other factors were controlled for, the risk of obesity in shift work showed a statistically significant increase (odds ratio = 1.779, 95 % confidence interval = 1.050-3.015) in the male manual worker group. However, there were no significant results in the male non-manual and female worker groups. CONCLUSION: Shift work was related to a higher risk of obesity in the Korean male manual worker group.
Adipose Tissue* ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Hand ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity* ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits*

PURPOSE: To evaluate patterns of recurrence and factors which influence them in radiofreqency (RF) ablation for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 1999 and March 2000, 69 patients with 82 HCCs underwent RF ablation for complete necrosis. They were diagnosed by tissue biopsy or tumor marker, and the results of triphasic spiral CT. The indications were that nodular lesions were clearly visualized at sonography, less than 5 cm in size and less than four in number, and that patients had no history of previous treatment. Local therapeutic efficacy such as complete necrosis and marginal recurrence, and new lesions were evaluated by means of triphasic spiral CT performed at least six months after the completion of ablation. We then analyzed the correlation between local therapeutic efficacy and various influential factors such as tumor size, whether the tumor was attached to the portal vein, gross morphology, Child-Pugh classification, and alpha- fetoprotein level before the procedure, as well as the correlation between new lesions and influential factors which included the alpha-fetoprotein level before the procedure, Child-Pugh classification, and multiplicity per person. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up period of 8.95 (range, 6-14) months after RF ablation, the rate of complete necrosis and of marginal recurrence was 91% and 12%, respectively. When a tumor was larger and was attached to a large branch of the portal vien, the incidence of incomplete necrosis and marginal recurrence was greater. The occurrence rate of new lesion was 19.4%. When the alpha-fetoprotien level before the procedure was higher and a tumor was multiple in number, new lesions occurred more frequently. CONCLUSION: Sufficient knowledge of patterns of recurrence and the factors which influence them might improve the therapeutic effects of RF ablation in patients with HCC.
alpha-Fetoproteins ; Biopsy ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Catheter Ablation* ; Classification ; Fetal Proteins ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Necrosis ; Portal Vein ; Recurrence ; Tomography, Spiral Computed

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop a high-risk drinking scorecard using cross-sectional data from the 2014 Korea Community Health Survey. METHODS: Data were collected from records for 149,592 subjects who had participated in the Korea Community Health Survey conducted from 2014. The scorecard model was developed using data mining, a scorecard and points to double the odds approach for weighted multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: This study found that there were many major influencing factors for high-risk drinkers which included gender, age, educational level, occupation, whether they received health check-ups, depressive symptoms, over-moderate physical activity, mental stress, smoking status, obese status, and regular breakfast. Men in their thirties to fifties had a high risk of being a drinker and the risks in office workers and sales workers were high. Those individuals who were current smokers had a higher risk of drinking. In the scorecard results, the highest score range was observed for gender, age, educational level, and smoking status, suggesting that these were the most important risk factors. CONCLUSION: A credit risk scorecard system can be applied to quantify the scoring method, not only to help the medical service provider to understand the meaning, but also to help the general public to understand the danger of high-risk drinking more easily.
Breakfast ; Commerce ; Data Mining ; Depression ; Drinking* ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Occupations ; Research Design ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; Smoking