The advent of the global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) necessitates a thorough study of the stability and transmissibility in the environment. We characterized the stability of SARS-CoV-2 in three water matrices: fresh, tap, and seawater. The minimum infective dose of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero cells was confirmed to be 10 3 PFU/mL. The stability of SARS-CoV-2 varied according to the water matrix: infective SARSCoV-2 was undetectable after treatment with fresh water and seawater, but remained detectable for 2 days in tap water, when starting with an initial concentration of 10 4 PFU/mL. When the starting concentration was increased to 10 5 PFU/mL, a similar trend was observed. In addition, viral RNA persisted longer than infectious virus in all water matrices. This study was conducted in stagnant water containing a significantly high titer of virus, thus, human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through the actual aquatic environment is expected to be rare.

Three hundred and fourty two patients with a fracture of tibial shaft were treated and managed in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Soon Chun Hyang University Hospital from January 1981 to December 1985. In 147 cases, 62 cases had only tibial shaft fracture and 85 tibial and fibular shaft fracture. All of these were treated conservatively by manipulation and cast immibilization. We analyzed the initial fracture characteristics, the treatment employed, and the subsequent complications in fracture healing in a series of patients who had sustained a tibial shaft fracture with and without a fibular fracture. The results were as follows; 1. Duration of average bone healing was more slowly in the patients more than twenty years old who were treated for a tibial shaft fracture with and without a concomitant fibular fracture than in the patients less than twenty years old. 2. Duration of average bone healing was more slowly by one or two weeks in the the group of tibial shaft fracture without fibular fracture than in than in those with fibular fracture. 3. The frequency of delayed union, nonunion, varus malunion and pain in the ipsilateral ankle joint were more increased in the group of the tibial shaft fractures without fibular fracture in than those with fibular fracture. 4. The frequency of valgus malunion was more increased in the group of the tibial shaft fractures with fibular fracture than in those without fibular fracture.
Ankle Joint ; Fracture Healing ; Humans ; Tibia

PURPOSE: We conducted a study on patients who underwent hip joint arthroplasty because of unstable femur intertrochanteric fractures with greater trochanter bony fragments. After dividing patients into three groups depending on their fracture patterns, we evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of different operation methods applied to each of these groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using Evan's classification, we defined an unstable intertrochanteric fracture as those characterized as stage 4 or 5. Of the 137 patients presenting with an intertrochanteric fracture with osteoporosis (bone mineral density, <−2.5) between March 2014 and October 2015, 63 met the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. Next, patients were divided into three groups based on their greater trochanter fracture patterns (discerned with three-dimensional computed tomography images); different fixation methods were applied to each group by a single orthopaedic surgeon. RESULTS: Taken as a whole, 50 out of 63 patients experienced no reduction in walking distance in their daily lives. Harris hip score increased from 74.8 to 85.7 point and we considered this a relatively good result. Radiologically, we observed complete bone union in 62 cases (98.4%); the lone exception was in a patient who experienced osteolysis. There were also 3 cases who removed greater trochanter reattachment device due to broken implant and 1 case of dislocation. CONCLUSION: The different fixation methods applied to three distinct groups with varying fractures patterns were successful in achieving proper reduction and fixation of greater trochanteric fractures. We also observed reduced bone union periods when arthroplasty was performed in patients with unstable intertrochanteric fractures. Lastly, we believe these approaches may also aid in achieving early ambulation and early rehabilitations.
Arthroplasty* ; Classification ; Dislocations ; Early Ambulation ; Femur* ; Hip ; Hip Fractures* ; Hip Joint ; Humans ; Methods* ; Miners ; Osteolysis ; Osteoporosis ; Walking

No abstract available.
Mycoplasma* ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma* ; Respiratory Insufficiency*

It has recently become possible to record electrical activity originationg from abnormally conducting myocardium from the body surface with high-gain amplification and averaging technique. These signals, which result from delayed ventricular activation(late potentials), have been recorded in patients with documented ventricular tachyarrythmia. Several electrode lead system for detecting ventricular late potential were introduced. Pyramidal electrode lead system(PLS) is useful. Also interpretation of SAECG in the young could be of value in detecting those at risk for episodic ventricular tachycardia, but suffer from a lack of data in normal young people. There was no difference between normal values, determined by FLS and PLS at high pass filtering of 25 Hz and 80 Hz, but significant, difference was found in HFLAD and RMS-40 of 40 Hz (p<0.05). These results will provide a basis for interpretations of SAECG, determined by FLS and PLS in healthy young adults with normal QRS duration. SELECTION OF SUBJECTS: For this study, normal healthy young adult volunteers (age : mean 24 years) were recruited from the medical students at Yeungnam University Hospital, Internal Medicine. Twenty fourths male and seventeenths female subjects were selected. All subjects had normal resting ECGs as judged from both the standard 12 channel lead and echocardiography, and none had a history of cardiovascular disease. All subjects were considered to be in good general physical condition. SIGNAL-AVERAGED ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY: In order to obtain low noise recordings with a small number of averaging cycles, all subject ware asked to relax completely in the supine position. Silver/silver chloride electrodes were attached after the skin was cleaned with alcohol, to constitute classic flank lead system(FLS) and pyramidal lead system(PLS). Signals were recorded and processed using a commercially available microprocessor-augmented ECG cart(Marquette Electronics, USA) suitable for portable bedside recording.
Cardiovascular Diseases ; Echocardiography ; Electrocardiography* ; Electrodes ; Female ; Humans ; Internal Medicine ; Male ; Myocardium ; Noise ; Patient Selection ; Reference Values ; Skin ; Students, Medical ; Supine Position ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; Volunteers ; Young Adult*

Congenital prepubic sinus(CPS) is an extremely rare congenital anomaly of the external genitalia of uncertain etiology. Herein, a case of CPS, where immunohistochemical staining was performed to elucidate the etiology of the sinus, is reported. The results of the immunohistochemical study demonstrated the lining epithelium was transitional proximally and squamous distally. These findings suggest that CPS is a variant form of dorsal urethral duplication.
Epithelium ; Genitalia ; Immunohistochemistry ; Urethra

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to examine how glutathione, one of the nucleophilic sulfur compounds, effects the cisplatin cellular toxicity in the non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and normal lung epithel ial cell line. METHODS: Three cultured cell lines, the lung adenocarcinoma cell(NCL-H23), the lung squamous carcinoma cell (SK-MES-1) and the normal lung epithelial cell(L-132) line were exposed to various concentrations of cisplation with or without glutathione. The relative viability was estimated as a means of measuring the cisplatin cellular toxicity using the MTT method. RESULTS: In NCL-23, the response to cisplatin was sensitive but glutathione markedly increased the relative survival of the tumor cells by removing the antitumor effect of cisplatin. In both SK-MES-1 and L-132, the responses to cisplatin were less sensitive, and the chemoprotective effect of glutathione compared to an equal cisplatin dose was signigicantly higher in L-132 than in SK-MES-1(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The protective effects of glutathione on cisplatin-induced cellular toxicity is more signigicant in normal lung epithelial cells than in squamous carcinoma cells.
Adenocarcinoma ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung* ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line* ; Cells, Cultured ; Cisplatin ; Epithelial Cells ; Glutathione* ; Lung ; Sulfur Compounds

Animal models, particularly pigs, have come to play an important role in translational biomedical research. There have been many pig models with genetically modifications via somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). However, because most transgenic pigs have been produced by random integration to date, the necessity for more exact gene-mutated models using recombinase based conditional gene expression like mice has been raised. Currently, advanced genome-editing technologies enable us to generate specific gene-deleted and -inserted pig models. In the future, the development of pig models with gene editing technologies could be a valuable resource for biomedical research.
Animals ; Gene Expression ; Gene Transfer Techniques* ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Recombinases ; Swine

Conjoined twins are rare congenital malformation that occurs one in 50,000-100,000 births. The site and fusion are variable. In recent years, prenatal diagnosis of conjoined twins with ultrasonogram (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported. Early prenatal diagnosis and assessment of the degree of conjoining provided couples with the option for pregnancy termination via vaginal delivery. We report a case of cephalopagus diagnosed prenatally by ultrasonogram in the second trimester and subsequently which was terminated, with a brief review of literature.
Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Trimester, Second ; Prenatal Diagnosis ; Twins, Conjoined ; Ultrasonography

Streptococcal myositis is an extremely uncommon infectious disease caused by Group A streptococcus (GAS). GAS infection spreads rapidly and diffusely through the muscle, resulting in edema and necrosis. Consequently, it results in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome having extremely high mortality. We report a 42 year-old female patient with systemic lupus erythematosus accompanying with streptococcal myositis who initially presented with fever, severe pain, and tenderness on the calf. Her systemic toxic symptoms were aggravated and finally she died of the disease in spite of aggressive management.
Adult ; Communicable Diseases ; Edema ; Female ; Fever ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic* ; Mortality ; Myositis* ; Necrosis ; Shock, Septic ; Streptococcus