Accuracy is the most important thing in implant prosthesis, for this reason it is essential procedure to check the accuracy of impression taking. However, impression material has its own error and the error occurs in model-making procedure. As an alternative way to this, using intraoral scanner can be suggested and many studies were issued reporting that there's no statistically significant difference in accuracy between intraoral scanner and conventional impression. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to report the process of making of implant prosthesis using intraoral scanner, which is more convenient, fast, accurate compared with conventional method.
Prostheses and Implants*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of the CT guided implant template that was produced by using an intraoral scanner according to the edentulous distance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five maxillary casts were fabricated using radiopaque acrylic resin with the second premolars, first molars, and second molars missing. Then a virtual cast was acquired by scanning each resin cast. Implant treatment was planned on the missing sites by superimposing the presurgical CT DICOM file and the virtual cast. Then the implants were placed using a surgical template followed by postsurgical CT scan. The distance and angle of the platform and apex between the presurgical implant and postsurgical implant were measured using the X, Y, and Z axis of the superimposed presurgical CT and postsurgical CT via software followed by statistical analysis using Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The implant placement angle error increased towards the second molars but there was no statistically significant difference. The implant placement distance error at the platform and apex also increased towards the second molars and there was a statistically significant error at the second molars. CONCLUSION: Although the placement angle had no statistically significant difference between the presurgical implant and postsurgical implant, the placement distance at the platform and apex showed a larger error and a statistically significant difference at the second molar implant.
Bicuspid ; Molar ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of cognitive health promotion workbook for community-dwelling elderlies with mild cognitive impairment and dementia performed by trained dementia partners. METHODS: The trained dementia partners performed cognitive training program with the workbook developed by Incheon Metropolitan Dementia Center to 36 participants with mild cognitive impairment or dementia at their home. The cognitive training program consisted of 60-minute sessions held twice weekly for 10 weeks. We evaluated their cognitive performances at baseline and after intervention. Pre- and post-intervention measures included Korean version of Mini-Mental Status Examination for Dementia Screening (MMSE-DS), Global Deterioration Scale, Korea Activities of Daily Living Scale, Korea Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, Korean Version of Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale (SGDS-K) and Korean Quality of Life-Alzheimer's Disease (KQoL-AD). RESULTS: Participants showed significant improvements compared with their baseline in MMSE-DS (p=0.002), SGDS-K (p=0.001) and KQoL-AD (p<0.001). There were no significant differences of improvement between high cognitive function group (MMSE ≤20, n=16) and low cognitive function group (MMSE ≤20, n=20). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the cognitive training program with cognitive health promotion workbook can improve cognitive function, quality of life and depression for community-dwelling elderlies with mild cognitive impairment and dementia and it would be efficient that trained dementia partners perform the cognitive training program regularly at their home.
Activities of Daily Living ; Cognition ; Dementia ; Depression ; Education ; Health Promotion ; Incheon ; Korea ; Mass Screening ; Mild Cognitive Impairment ; Quality of Life

OBJECTIVE: The provision of care for elderly people with dementia by healthy elderly caregivers is one of the new health-care paradigms in South Korea. The aim of this study was to determine whether this type of care, which includes cognitive stimulation, would improve the cognitive function of dementia patients and the quality of life of the healthy elderly caregiver. METHODS: Totals of 132 dementia patients and 197 healthy elderly caregivers participated in this study. We evaluated the cognitive function of the dementia patients at baseline and after providing the program for 6 months using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease, 1st Edition (CERAD-K). We also evaluated the quality of life of the healthy elderly caregivers using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Short Version (WHOQOL-BREF) at baseline and after 6 months. RESULTS: The word-list memory results of CERAD-K for the included dementia patients improved after 6 months (Z=-2.855, p=0.004). The WHOQOL-BREF score among the elderly caregiver also improved significantly (Z=-2.354, p=0.019). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that dementia care is associated with improvements in both the cognitive function of dementia patients and the quality of life of the healthy elderly caregivers.
Aged* ; Alzheimer Disease ; Caregivers* ; Cognition ; Dementia* ; Humans ; Korea ; Memory* ; Quality of Life* ; World Health Organization

The gastrointestinal tract is commonly involved in patients with systemic sclerosis. The manifestations include motility disorder, pseudo-obstruction, malabsorption, bacterial overgrowth, diverticuli, and, less commonly, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI). PCI is characterized by the presence of air in the submucosal or subserosal layer of the bowel wall and is often accompanied by pneumoperitoneum. Although PCI is a benign condition that often responds to conservative management, it is a poor prognostic factor of systemic sclerosis. We report a case of PCI in a patient with systemic sclerosis. The chest and abdominal radiographic findings comprised pneumoperitoneum, marked dilation of the bowels, and intramural air, compatible with PCI. The patient's symptoms improved spontaneously. It is important to recognize PCI as a gastrointestinal manifestation of systemic sclerosis, and physicians should differentiate it from serious complications-such as intestinal perforation-based on clinical manifestations.
Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Scleroderma, Systemic ; Thorax

OBJECTIVES: The present study explored the reliability and the validity of our newly constructed job stress scale, the Korean version of the Occupational Stress Inventory (K-OSI) METHODS: Through preliminary item-analysis, we constructed 140 items of the Korean version of Occupational Stress Inventory (K-OSI) K-OSI consists of three subscales measuring three sections, 'ORQ'(Occupational Role Questionnaire) 'PSQ'(Personal Strain Questionnaire) and 'PRQ'(Personal Resource Questionnaire) respectively. The normative group consisted of 805 adult workers who represented six major job classes in Korea. RESULTS: The internal consistency coefficients of 'ORQ', 'PSQ', and 'PRQ' ranged from .89 to .92, and of those 14 subscales ranged from .70 to .88. The test-retest reliability coefficients of 8 week duration ranged from .62 to . 79, and bilingual's consistency coefficient ranged from .82 to . 96. The validity of the K-OSI was investigated by factor-analysis, yielding 3 factors of overall job stress and its responses, personal stress coping, psychological, physical, and behavioral responses of job stress. CONCLUSION: The present results indicate that the K-OSI is a reliable and valid measure of job stress.
Adult ; Humans ; Korea ; Reproducibility of Results*

PURPOSE: The gastric cancer is most frequent malignant disease in Korea. With increase of GNP and social welfare, lot of people pay attention to that. But many of gastric cancer patients who were diagnosed, are advanced -stage III or more- case and produces poor result of treatment. Nowadays many surgeons report that the resection of cancer mass and radical lymph node dissection, which called systematic lymph node dissection, can increase the longterm survival rate and curability of patients. For this purpose Maruyama and his colleagues made a program to predict the 5 year survival rate, cause of death, and the status of lymph node metastases. We put the basic datas of pateints in AGC into Maruyama's program and compare its result to final histologic reports. We would check sesitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive values between Maruyamas program and hitologic reports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From Sep. 1995 to Sep. 1996, We operated 55 patients with gastric cancer with this program in GNUH. We checked the histopathologic reports and put the data into the prediction program. The datas were sex, age, maximal size of tumor, differentiation, gross type and location. We compared status of lymph node metastases, TNM stages between the reports of histopathology and that of predictive program. RESULTS: In early stages the sensitivity and specificity of the program showed poor result but in advanced stages did not. The distribution of lymph node metastasis showed a same pattern. The patterns of perigastric lymph node metastasis were somewhat different according to the location of tumor. But its significance was not confirmed. We analysed the metastaic rate between lymph node groups and compared with the results between two reports. The sensitivity, and negative predictive value were 100% in each groups, and positive predictive value was also high. CONCLUSION: The systematic lymph node dissection is an effective and safe procedure in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer. We suggest that the techniques should be standardized and popularized in Korea. This procedure will improve the survival rate of gastric cancer patients and decrease the local recurrence of gastric cancer.
Cause of Death ; Humans ; Korea ; Lymph Node Excision ; Lymph Nodes* ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Recurrence ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Social Welfare ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of demographic variables on the job stress experience and established the norms of the Korean version of Occupational Stress Inventory. METHODS: The normative group consisted of 805 adult workers who represent seven major job class in Korea. K-OSI were administered to normative group and data were analyzed by subjects' demographic variables. RESULTS: To explore the effects of demographic variables on K-OSI, we considered several factors such as age, sex, duration of employment, job class, job position and so on. The results were as follows: 1) We found significant sex difference in K-OSI. Compared with men, women showed higher scores in Role Insufficiency, Role Ambiguity, Social Support, Vocational Strain Scales and men showed higher scores in Role Overload, Responsibility Scales. 2) Generally, a person who was older, earned higher salary, more duration of employment experienced job stress and had more coping resources. 3) In general, white-collar workers, job classes and job position had little effects on job stress. But other workers such as security guards, military officers were different from general white-collar workers in K-OSI. CONCLUSION: Because men and women showed significant difference in K-OSI, we constructed norms according to sex. K-OSI would be an useful instrument to identify one's job stress experience and to develop intervention plan.
Adult ; Employment ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits ; Sex Characteristics ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVE: We studied the effect of Hyu-Sig-Gong-Gan and Hye-Ah-Rim on several evaluations and compared the two programs. We then investigated factors associated with the difference between pre- and post-ratings. METHODS: Thirty-six patients were randomized to Hyu-Sig-Gong-Gan (n=23) or Hye-Ah-Rim (n=13). We tested for the effect of each program on several evaluations and compared the two programs through Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, Dementia Attitude Scale (DAS)-intelligence, DAS-comfort and DAS-total. We then investigated whether the difference between pre- and post-rating depends on other factors. RESULTS: We observed significant positive effect of Hyu-Sig-Gong-Gan on DAS-comfort (t=1.843, p=0.039) and significant positive effect of Hye-Ah-Rim on ZBI (t=-2.327, p=0.019), DAS-comfort (t=2.241, p=0.022), and EuroQol-5 Dimensions-Visual Analogue Scale (t=2.537, p=0.013). For comparing the two programs, we found a lack of evidence for the difference in any of the five commonly observed evaluations. In the secondary analysis, we observed a strong trend that the two programs were particularly effective for caregivers with negative pre-ratings. CONCLUSION: The two programs showed positive effects on the various evaluations, but some evaluations could not reach statistical significance. The programs appear to be particularly helpful for those who are in need before the program participation.
Aged* ; Caregivers* ; Dementia* ; Humans ; Program Evaluation

In this study, the Ti6Al4V specimens were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) method (Ti6Al4V-AS group). These specimens were performed to heat treatment at 950℃ and 550℃ using vacuum electric furnace (Ti6Al4V-HT group). The mechanical properties, metallographic shape, crystalline structure, and chemical compositions of the alloy specimens before and after heat treatment were analyzed. The Ti6Al4V-AS group showed ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and low elongation values. Acicular crystal grains were observed in metallographic image and the α'-Ti phase was dominant. After heat treatment (Ti6Al4V-HT group), the UTS was lowered and the elongation was increased. In addition, a lamellar structure in which columnar crystal grains are arranged was observed, α+β-Ti phase was formed, and crystallinity increased. As a result of analyzing the chemical composition, the Ti6Al4V-AS specimen contained a higher carbon content than the Ti6Al4V-HT specimen. This high carbon content could be related to the formation of α'-phase, high strength and low elongation of the Ti6Al4V-AS specimen. Ti6Al4V-HT specimen showed that the overall carbon content was low, but the carbon content was locally high in the α-Ti phase region. Therefore, it is necessary to control effectively the incorporation of carbon gas in the production of Ti6Al4V specimens using SLM.