The authors analyzed 52 patients with traumatic cervical fracture and dislocation admitted to the department of neurosurgery, Gyeongsang National University Hospital between July, 1989 and December, 1993. The most common age group was 21-30 years old, and 46 were male. The most frequent cause of injury was motor vehicle accident. High cervical injuries were 11 cases and mid-low cervical injuries were 41 cases. 34 cases had surgical intervention by anterior approach with bone graft only(5), anterior approach with bone graft and instrumentation(9), posterior approach with wiring and bone graft(18) and total laminectomy(2). The others had conservative treatment and immobilized by traction(9), Halo-vest(8) or neck collar(1). The average post of immobilization of conservatively treated patients was 9.7weeks, anterior approach without instrumentation was 9 weeks and posterior approach was 5.4 weeks, but patients who treated by anterior approach with instrumentation keep soft collar only. At final follow-up, no significant differences were noted between surgically and conservatively treated group but initial neurologic state correlates with prognosis, independent of modality of treatment. Thus the surgical intervention does not significantly influence the prognosis of the patient but shortens the duration of postoperative immobilization.
Dislocations* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Male ; Motor Vehicles ; Neck ; Neurosurgery ; Prognosis ; Transplants

Digital infrared thermographic imaging system is noninvasive, easy to reading, objective and physiologic instrument by measuring and imaging infrared energy emitted from skin surface. The authors present the result of digital infrared thermographic images of 83 patients of operated lumbar disc herniation from October, 1990 to March, 1991. 46 patients have received discectomy and the other 37 patients have received chemonucleolysis. We have done digital infrared thermographic imaging preoperatively and postoperatively. In preoperative digital infrared thermographic imaging, diagnostic sensitivity is about 76%, In postoperative digital infrared thermographic imaging, clinical results were well correlated in discectomy group. But in chemonucleolysis group, clinical results were not correlated with digital infrared thermographic images.
Diagnostic Imaging ; Diskectomy ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc Chemolysis ; Skin

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of parotid gland (PG) massage for the prevention of PG dysfunction after administration of radioiodine (I-131) therapy for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Materials and Methods: One hundred patients with DTC with planned high-dose I-131 therapy were enrolled in the clinical trial and randomized into two groups (massage and non-massage group). Serum amylase values were obtained before and 24 h after I-131 therapy, and salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) were taken before and at eight months after the I-131 therapy. Additional SGS (addSGS) were taken when the patients complained symptoms related to salivary gland dysfunction. Questionnaire surveys were performed before and until two years after I-131 therapy. Results Ninety-five of 100 patients finished the study protocol. Changes in survey scores tended to be higher in the non-massage group. The non-massage group had more severe symptoms related to salivary gland dysfunction. Among 32 patients who underwent addSGS, 27 had normal 8-month SGS. Of these 27 patients, 18 (66.7%) had salivary gland dysfunction on the addSGS. Amylase values were significantly increased in patients with normal 8-month SGS but abnormal addSGS, as compared to patients who were normal on both 8-month SGS and addSGS (p=0.046). Amylase difference values were a significant predictor of abnormal addSGS (p=0.002). Conclusion: PG massage reduced symptoms related to salivary gland dysfunction. The PG massage may be helpful in preventing damage to salivary glands caused by I-131 therapy.

Background and Objectives: Even though most of the thyroid cancer shows good prognosis, de-differentiated thyroid cancer is still refractory to conventional treatments. Recently, kinase inhibitors including multi-kinase and BRAF inhibitors are widely used for treatment of de-differentiated thyroid cancers, but resistant to single kinase inhibitor treatment eventually encountered. Therefore, combination therapy may have better therapeutic effect than single therapy for thyroid cancer. In this study, we evaluated therapeutic effect of multi-kinase and BRAF inhibitor combination to anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines with and without BRAF mutation. Materials and Methods: We used anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines with BRAF V600E mutation (8505C) and with NRAS mutation (HTh7). Both cell lines were treated with various concentration of multi-kinase inhibitor (lenvatinib) and BRAF inhibitor (vemurafenib). And combination of various concentration of both kinase inhibitors were used to treat both cell lines. Cytotoxic effect was assessed with cell counting kit-8 and therapeutic effect of single kinase inhibitor therapy and the combination therapy was compared. Results: Anti-proliferative effect of vemurafenib on 8505C BRAF V600E -mutated cells was demonstrated from 0.25 μM concentration. However, HTh7 cells with NRAS mutation represented drug resistance up to 4 μM of vemurafenib. In case of lenvatinib treatment as a multi-kinase inhibitor, 8505C and HTh7 cells showed decreased cell viability dose-dependent manner. Combination treatment with vemurafenib and lenvatinib showed synergistic cytotoxic effect in BRAF mutated 8505C cell line, even at lower concentrations. Conclusion Combination treatment with multi-kinase inhibitor and BRAF inhibitor showed promising therapeutic results in BRAF mutated anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical effectiveness of parotid gland (PG) massage for the prevention of PG dysfunction after administration of radioiodine (I-131) therapy for treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Materials and Methods: One hundred patients with DTC with planned high-dose I-131 therapy were enrolled in the clinical trial and randomized into two groups (massage and non-massage group). Serum amylase values were obtained before and 24 h after I-131 therapy, and salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS) were taken before and at eight months after the I-131 therapy. Additional SGS (addSGS) were taken when the patients complained symptoms related to salivary gland dysfunction. Questionnaire surveys were performed before and until two years after I-131 therapy. Results Ninety-five of 100 patients finished the study protocol. Changes in survey scores tended to be higher in the non-massage group. The non-massage group had more severe symptoms related to salivary gland dysfunction. Among 32 patients who underwent addSGS, 27 had normal 8-month SGS. Of these 27 patients, 18 (66.7%) had salivary gland dysfunction on the addSGS. Amylase values were significantly increased in patients with normal 8-month SGS but abnormal addSGS, as compared to patients who were normal on both 8-month SGS and addSGS (p=0.046). Amylase difference values were a significant predictor of abnormal addSGS (p=0.002). Conclusion: PG massage reduced symptoms related to salivary gland dysfunction. The PG massage may be helpful in preventing damage to salivary glands caused by I-131 therapy.

Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer has been successfully used for more than 70 years. However, there is still plenty of controversy surrounding the use and doses of radioiodine. There is insufficient evidence to answer the questions. Recent American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines seem to favor low-dose RAI, based on recent clinical trials and meta-analyses. However, long-term follow-up data remains limited, and there are additional factors we should consider that might affect the efficacy of RAI therapy. Therefore, until sufficient data are available, it is necessary to remain cautious about determining RAI doses by considering multiple patient-specific variables.
Follow-Up Studies ; Iodine ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms

Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer has been successfully used for more than 70 years. However, there is still plenty of controversy surrounding the use and doses of radioiodine. There is insufficient evidence to answer the questions. Recent American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines seem to favor low-dose RAI, based on recent clinical trials and meta-analyses. However, long-term follow-up data remains limited, and there are additional factors we should consider that might affect the efficacy of RAI therapy. Therefore, until sufficient data are available, it is necessary to remain cautious about determining RAI doses by considering multiple patient-specific variables.

Severe symptomatic hyponatremia shows high mortality in association with cerebral edema and central nervous system dysfunction. Postoperative hyponatremia is usually attributed to administration of hypotonic fluids while antidiuretic hormone is acting. However, we experienced a severe symptomatic hyponatremia in spite of infusion of lactated Ringer's solution perioperatively in a case of 4-year-old girl's tonsillectomy. Inappropriate secretion of ADH caused by pain, stress, anxiety, nausea, vomiting. Paralytic ileus developed several hours after surgery, severe hyponatremia (Na 119 mmol/L) with convulsion notified. After prompt infusion of sodium supplement and fluid restriction, the patient recovered uneventfully.
Anxiety ; Brain Edema ; Central Nervous System ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Hyponatremia* ; Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction* ; Mortality ; Nausea ; Seizures* ; Sodium ; Tonsillectomy* ; Vomiting

A primary leiomyoma in the neural foramen of the lumbar spine is a very rare condition. We examined a 23-year-old female presented with back and right flank pain. A plain radiography showed a well-defined, osteolytic lesion in the L3 body. In addition, MR images showed a mass lesion with intense enhancement, after intravenous injection with contrast material, in the right neural foramen at the L2/3 level. A histopathologic examination of the resected specimen revealed a benign leiomyoma.
Female ; Flank Pain ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Leiomyoma* ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; Radiography ; Spine* ; Young Adult

Until 1972, many carcinoid tumors of the thymus were not recognized as distinct lesions and were mistakenly labeled as variants of thymomas. Thymic carcinoid tumors are unusual neoplasms that show different morphological, functional, and behavioral characteristics than those of thymomas. We report a case of a 65-year-old woman with thymic carcinoid tumor. The cinicopathological findings are discussed with a review of the literature.
Aged ; Carcinoid Tumor* ; Female ; Humans ; Thymoma ; Thymus Gland