No abstract available.
Doxycycline*

BACKGROUND: Negative public attitude toward epilepsy is a common phenomenon all over the world and one of the major factors causing social discrimination against people with epilepsy. In general, those with epilepsy have considerable limitations in their interaction with and adaptation to their surroundings, and some of them find social attitudes more devastating than the disorder itself. METHODS: In order to indicate folk medicines known as an epilepsy treatment among Korean rural residents and to deduce the background of the negative attitudes from analysis of the estimated effect of the folk medicine, a survey was conducted in a Korean rural area. RESULTS: Of 713 persons contacted in the survey, 22% of respondents replied that they knew at least one folk medicine as an epilepsy treatment. About 55% of the folk medicines were superstitious or incantational one such as eating the organs of animals or humans, or soup boiled with the branches of a tree struck by lightening, or with a rope used in a suicidal hanging. From the results, we can deduce the fact that the understanding of epilepsy by the Korean respondents base on the supernatural or superstitious thinking that seem to be attributed to our own unique culture. CONCLUSION: In order to ameliorate prejudices against epilepsy and allow epileptic persons to interact with and adapt to their surrounding properly, not only continuous and repetitive educational efforts but also the sympathy of professional and lay societies regarding epilepsy would be needed.
Animals ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eating ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Medicine, Traditional* ; Prejudice ; Social Discrimination ; Superstitions ; Thinking ; Trees

BACKGROUND: There is considerable controversy about the exact molecular mechanisms of excitatory amino acid receptors in epileptogenesis. METHODS: We used in situ hybridization to examine the hybridization density (HD) of n-methyl- D-aspartic acid receptor type 1 (NMDAR-1) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy -5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) receptor type 2 (GluR-2) mRNA, in the hippocampus obtained from the kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilep-ticus (SE) model. Some Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with KA (10 mg/Kg; I.p.), and others with MK-801 (4 mg/kg) 20 minutes prior to KA. The rats were allowed to have 4-hour SE and were killed at 8 hours or 4 weeks after KA or MK-801/KA injection. HD of NMDAR-1 and GluR-2 mRNA in subfields of the hippocampus was measured by an image analysis system. RESULTS: A typical neuropathological finding of hippocampal sclerosis and spontaneous repetitive seizures (SRS) were observed in the KA injected rats, but not in the MK-801 pretreated rats, killed at 4 weeks. Compared with controls, the rats killed at 8 hours after KA showed increased CA1, CA2, and CA3 NMDAR-1 HD, and stratum granulosum (SG) GluR-2 HD. The increase of NMDAR-1, not GluR-2, HD was blocked effectively by MK-801. The increase of SG GluR-2 HD remained until 4 weeks after the KA injection. CONCLUSIONS: Not only the NMDAR-1activa-tionbut also the GluR-2 activation is an important factor in delaying hippocampal neuronal loss and epileptogenesis. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(1):36~44, 2001
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid ; Animals ; D-Aspartic Acid ; Dizocilpine Maleate ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe ; Gene Expression* ; Glutamic Acid* ; Hippocampus ; In Situ Hybridization ; Kainic Acid ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Glutamate* ; RNA, Messenger ; Sclerosis ; Seizures ; Temporal Lobe*

Accuracy is the most important thing in implant prosthesis, for this reason it is essential procedure to check the accuracy of impression taking. However, impression material has its own error and the error occurs in model-making procedure. As an alternative way to this, using intraoral scanner can be suggested and many studies were issued reporting that there's no statistically significant difference in accuracy between intraoral scanner and conventional impression. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to report the process of making of implant prosthesis using intraoral scanner, which is more convenient, fast, accurate compared with conventional method.
Prostheses and Implants*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of the CT guided implant template that was produced by using an intraoral scanner according to the edentulous distance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five maxillary casts were fabricated using radiopaque acrylic resin with the second premolars, first molars, and second molars missing. Then a virtual cast was acquired by scanning each resin cast. Implant treatment was planned on the missing sites by superimposing the presurgical CT DICOM file and the virtual cast. Then the implants were placed using a surgical template followed by postsurgical CT scan. The distance and angle of the platform and apex between the presurgical implant and postsurgical implant were measured using the X, Y, and Z axis of the superimposed presurgical CT and postsurgical CT via software followed by statistical analysis using Kruskall-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: The implant placement angle error increased towards the second molars but there was no statistically significant difference. The implant placement distance error at the platform and apex also increased towards the second molars and there was a statistically significant error at the second molars. CONCLUSION: Although the placement angle had no statistically significant difference between the presurgical implant and postsurgical implant, the placement distance at the platform and apex showed a larger error and a statistically significant difference at the second molar implant.
Bicuspid ; Molar ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Abnormal motor behaviors caused by ipsilateral hemispheric lesions have not been frequently reported. However, a 76-year-old woman developed left hemiparesis and abnormal movements of the right limb. Upon observation, she would unintentionally rotate her hand continuously on the table in a stereotypical way. A brain CT showed an infarction in the basal ganglia and corona radiata. We report this patient with unilateral hyperkinesia and contralateral hemiparesis due to ipsilateral basal ganglia lesions.
Aged ; Basal Ganglia* ; Brain ; Dyskinesias ; Extremities ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Hyperkinesis* ; Infarction* ; Paresis*

It has been known that the usual findings of SPECT in patients with Todd's paralysis is the hypoperfusion of the corresponding hemisphere. We experienced a patient who developed transient hemiparesis after a seizure attack with hyperperfusion rather than hypoperfusion over the corresponding hemisphere on brain SPECT. A 36-year-old female presented with left hemiparesis after a secondarily generalized tonic seizure. No additional seizure-like attack was noted during admission. EEG showed intermittent focal slow waves over the right frontotemporal area on admission and returned to a normal pattern 72 hours after admission. Tc-99m ECD SPECT showed hyperperfusion on the right frontoparietal area in spite of the normalization of EEG. The degree of hyperperfusion was diminished as time passed for at least 72 hours. We report a patient who had Todd's paralysis associated with contralateral frontoparietal hyperperfusion. Todd's paralysis may be explained as the result of focal discharges that lead to local vasomotor changes.
Adult ; Brain ; Electroencephalography ; Female ; Humans ; Paralysis* ; Paresis ; Seizures ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

BACKGROUND: Two successive surveys were conducted in the same rural areas. The first survey was intended to obtain an initial estimate of public familiarity with, understanding of, and attitudes toward epilepsy. The second survey was performed to assess trends in public attitudes toward epilepsy and the putative effect of campaigns on such a trend. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies were conducted by means of a door-to-door interview using the same questionnaire, in which all residents over 19 years of age, living in the survey area, were targeted. Vehicles for the educational campaign took the form of lectures and small group discussions. RESULTS: Of 820 respondents in the first survey, 93% of respondents were familiar with epilepsy. Nevertheless, only 8.5% answered they had an epileptic person among their family or relatives. The understanding of epilepsy among respondents appeared to be not only based more on supernatural or superstitious thinking, but was also less comparable to that of other studies. The attitudes toward epilepsy also were far more negative in Korean rural areas than in other countries. The false belief that epilepsy cannot be treated was the factor that contributed most to negative attitudes in Korean rural areas. Even though it was not remarkable, and was not attributed to the campaigns entirely, a positive trend was obvious not only in understanding the cause of epilepsy but also in attitudes toward epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to recognize the fact that the majority of respondents still remain unchanged in their misunderstanding of and negative attitudes toward epilepsy, regardless of the new positive trend. In order to ameliorate prejudices against epilepsy and allow epileptic persons to interact with and adapt to their surroundings properly, not only continuous and repetitive educational efforts but also the sympathy of professional and lay societies regarding epilepsy would be needed.
Cross-Sectional Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Epilepsy* ; Humans ; Jeollanam-do* ; Lectures ; Prejudice ; Recognition (Psychology) ; Thinking

BACKGROUND: The Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) family is comprised of key regulatory proteins that control the cellular response to both proliferation and stress signals. Cell death is usually mediated through apoptosis regulated by extracellular factors. We investigated the apoptotic processes of PC12 cells induced by hypoxia and the activation of MAPKs in apoptosis. METHODS: PC12 cells were maintained in a RPMI 1640 medium containing 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10% horse serum, and antibiotics. Hypoxia was induced in a humidified 37 degrees C incubator within a BBL GasPac Pouch. The apoptosis of PC12 cells was observed with an electron microscope and DNA laddering on agarose-gel electrophoresis. The phosphorylation of MAPKs was measured by an image analysis system after a Western blot. RESULTS: Hypoxic apoptosis occurred maximally when PC12 cells in 2% FBS and 5mM glucose media were incubated in an anaerobic state for 6 hours and then reoxygenated for 18 hours. The phosphorylation of MAPKs was observed 30 min after hypoxia and sustained for at least 2 hours. Phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase were reduced after 4 hours of hypoxia, whereas those of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) persisted for 6 hrs Nerve Growth Factor (NGF). Significantly inhibited DNA fragmentation in hypoxia-induced apopto-sis of PC12 cells. NGF accentuated phosphorylation of ERK in both normoxia and hypoxia. Nerve growth factor (NGF) reduced the phosphorylation of JNK but did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 kinase. CONCLUSIONS: We established the conditions for PC12 cell apoptosis caused by hypoxia. These results suggest that activation of JNK and p38 kinase might be the apoptotic signals induced by hypoxia and regulated by different pathways. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(4):384~392, 2001)
Animals ; Anoxia ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Apoptosis* ; Blotting, Western ; Cell Death ; DNA ; DNA Fragmentation ; Electrophoresis ; Glucose ; Horses ; Humans ; Incubators ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases* ; Nerve Growth Factor ; PC12 Cells* ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases ; Protein Kinases

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The prevalence and clinical characteristics of entecavir (ETV) resistance is not well known. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of genotypic resistance in nonresponders and virologic breakthrough (VBT) patients. METHODS: The medical records of 76 chronic hepatitis B patients treated for a least 6 months from October 2006 to October 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. We divided patients into two groups: nucleoside analogue (NA)-naive patients (n=38) and LAM experienced patients (n=38). NA-naive and LAM experienced patients received ETV at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/day, respectively. The virologic response and VBT were investigated in both groups. We used the multiplex restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) method to test genotypic resistance at the rtI169, rtT184, rtS202, rtM204, and rtM250 sites. RESULTS: Age, gender, serum ALT, and HBV DNA level before treatment did not differ between the groups. Neither VBT nor nonresponse was observed in the NA-naive group, whereas VBT and nonresponse were observed in three patients each in the lamivudine (LAM)-experienced group; all six patients had YMDD mutation at study enrollment, all three patients with VBT had genotypic resistance to ETV, but the three nonresponse patients did not have genotypic resistance to ETV. CONCLUSIONS: We suspect that VBT is mostly associated with genotypic resistance to ETV. However, nonresponse might be associated with the continuance or reselection of the YMDD mutant in LAM-experienced patients.
Adult ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Guanine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B/genetics ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy/virology ; Humans ; Lamivudine/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics ; Retrospective Studies