OBJECTIVETo provide the foundation for reasonable utilization by analyzing the essential oils of Ligularia virgaurea.

METHODThe essential oils were extracted by using steam distillation and separated with GC capillary columns. The components were quantitatively determined with normalization method, and were identified with GC-MS.

RESULT41 components were identified, which took up 72.73% of the essential oils.

CONCLUSIONThe main components of essential oils were 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexen-1-ol(14.369%), crotonic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-butanoic acid, 1-methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-benzene, (1s-endo)-1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2,2,1]heptan-2-ol, trans-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ol, alpha-cadinol and alpha,alpha,4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol.

Asteraceae ; chemistry ; Butyrates ; analysis ; Crotonates ; analysis ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Terpenes ; analysis

Although genetic background is known to contribute to colon carcinogenesis, the exact etiology of the disease remains elusive. The organ’s extensive interaction with microbes necessitated research on the role of microbiota on development of colon cancer. In this review, we summarized the defense mechanism of colon from foreign organism, and germ-free animal models that have been employed to elucidate microbial effect. We also comprehensively discussed the metabolic property of microbiota such as butyrate production, facilitation of heme toxicity, bile acid transformation, and nitrate reduction that has been shown to contribute to the development of the tumor. Finally, up-to-date subjects such as the effect of age and gender on microbiota are briefly discussed.
Bile ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Butyrates ; Butyric Acid ; Carcinogenesis ; Colon ; Colonic Neoplasms ; Genetic Background ; Heme ; Microbiota ; Models, Animal

No abstract available.
Betamethasone* ; Butyrates* ; Diethylpropion* ; Humans* ; Keratinocytes*

BACKGROUND: Recombinant adenovirus hold promise as vectors to carry therapeutic genes for several reasons: 1) they can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells ; 2) they have the ability to directly transduce tissues in vivo; 3) they can easily be produced in high titer ; and 4) they have an established record of safety as vaccination material. However, one of the major limitation in the use of adenoviruses is that transgene expression is quite short because adenovirusees insert their DNA genome episomally rather than by chromosomal integration, and an immune response against the virus destroys cells expressing the therapeutic gene. Since sodium butyrate has been reported to induce adenovirus-mediated gene expression, we hypothesized that treatment of tumor cells, transduced with herpes simples virus thymidine kinase(HSVtk) gene using adenoviral vector, with butyrate could augment the effect of gene therapy. METHODS: We transduced HSVtk gene, driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter, into REN cell line(human mesothelioma cell line). Before proceeding with the comparison of HSVtk/ganciclovir mediated bystander killing, we evaluated the effect of butyrate on the growth of tumor cells in order to rule out a potential antitumor effect of butyrate alone, and also on expression of HSVtk gene by Western blot analysis. Then we determined the effects of butyrate on bystander-mediated cell killing in vitro. RESULTS: There was no inhibition of growth of cells exposed to butyrate for 24 hours at a concentration of 1.5mM/L. Toxic effects were seen when the concentration of butyrate was greater than 2.0mM/h Gene expression was more stable and bystander effect was augmented by butyrate treatment of a concentration of 1.5mM CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that butyrate can augment the efficiency of cell killing with HSVtk/GCV system by inducing transgene expression and may thus by a promising new approach to improve responses in gene therapy using adenoviral vectors.
Adenoviridae ; Blotting, Western ; Butyrates* ; Butyric Acid ; Bystander Effect ; Cytomegalovirus ; DNA ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Therapy* ; Genome ; Herpes Simplex* ; Homicide ; Mesothelioma ; Phosphotransferases* ; Simplexvirus* ; Thymidine ; Transgenes ; Vaccination

Baclofen(B-4-chlorphyl-r-amino butyric acid), a centrally acting gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) agonist is a commonly used pharmaceutics for spasticity of spinal cord lesion. It's effect includes activation of GABA recep tor in primary sensory afferent, enhancement of Ranshow cell activity and depression of fusimotor response. It is primarily excreted by glomerullar filtration with a clearance proportional to creatinine clearance. It's popularity is a result of the antispastic effect and the lack of toxic effect on organ. But, transient drowsiness is the most common neurological side effect with therapeutic dose of the drugs. We report here two patients who developed an acute side effects after being treated with relative therapeutic dose of baclofen.
Baclofen* ; Butyric Acid ; Creatinine ; Depression ; Filtration ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Humans ; Muscle Spasticity ; Sleep Stages ; Spinal Cord

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Imrnortalized human fetal liver cell lines established by transfecting simian virus 40 T gene wae found to lose differentiated liver cell functions in successive long-term culture. Butyrate, known as a differentiation-promoting agent for a variety of cancer cell lines, is produced in the colon by bacterial flora and selectively transported into the liver though the portal blood flow. Therefe, butyrate might play a role in the maintenance of differentiation in hepatocytes in vivo. In thepresent study, the effects of butyrate on cell growth and differentiation in human fetal liver cell lines was investigated. METHODS: Human fetal liver cell lines imrnortalized by SV 40 T antigen were treated with sodium butyrate (1mM), and cell growth rate after butyrate treatment were nmsured by the number of viable cells, determined by trypan blue dye exclusice method. The effects of sodium butyrate on the hepatocyte-specific differentiatian were assessed by albumin and alfa-fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA expression, analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and were also by the increment of albumin secretion into culture media, determined by a competitive inhibition ELISA. RESULTS: Treatment with sodium butyrate resulted in a cessation of cellular proliferation and alterations in cellular morphology (increased cell size and polygonal change in shape). The level of albumin mRNA after sodium butyrate treatment was elevated by about two times as compared to that of control. In contrast, AFP mRNA expression were dennstrated neither before nor after sodium butyrate treatment. The average amount of albumin released in the medium was less than 6pghnl/10'cells/2days in the absence of sodium butyrate, and increased to 17 p g/ml/10'cells/2days at day 2, 21ugfml 10'cells/2days at day 4 in the presence of sodium butyrate, and these levels thereafter were over 10 times higher than that in the absence of sodium butyrate until day 10. CONCLUSION: These mults indicate that treatment of immcetalized fetal liver cell lines with butyrate leads to inhibition of cellular proliferation and promotion of adult hepatocyte-specific differentiation.
Adult ; Antigens, Viral, Tumor ; Butyrates ; Butyric Acid* ; Cell Line* ; Cell Proliferation ; Cell Size ; Colon ; Culture Media ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hepatocytes ; Humans* ; Liver* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger ; Simian virus 40 ; Sodium* ; Trypan Blue

Halomonas can grow on diverse carbon sources. As it can be used for unsterile fermentation under high-salt conditions, it has been applied as a chassis for next-generation industrial biotechnology. Short-chain volatile fatty acids, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, can be prepared from biomass and are expected to be novel carbon sources for microbial fermentation. Halomonas sp. TD01 and TD08 were subjected to shaking culture with 10-50 g/L butyrate, and they were found to effectively synthesize poly-3-hydroxybutyrate with butyrate as the carbon source. The highest yield of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate was achieved at butyrate concentration of 20 g/L (9.12 g/L and 7.37 g/L, respectively). Butyrate at the concentration > 20 g/L inhibited cell growth, and the yield of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate decreased to < 4 g/L when butyrate concentration was 50 g/L. Moreover, Halomonas sp. TD08 can accumulate the copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate by using propionate and butyrate as carbon sources. However, propionate was toxic to cells. To be specific, when 2 g/L propionate and 20 g/L butyrate were simultaneously provided, cell dry weight and polymer titer were 0.83 g/L and 0.15 g/L, respectively. The addition of glycerol significantly improved cell growth and boosted the copolymer titer to 3.95 g/L, with 3-hydroxyvalerate monomer content of 8.76 mol%. Short-chain volatile fatty acids would be promising carbon sources for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Halomonas.
Butyrates ; Carbon ; Fatty Acids, Volatile ; Halomonas ; Polyhydroxyalkanoates ; Propionates

Butyrate, normally produced by probiotics in the gut, not only provides energy for cells, but also changes the phosphorylation, acetylation and methylation levels of many proteins in cells. As a result, it affects the expression of many genes and the transmission of cell signals. Through G protein-coupled receptors, butyrate promotes the secretion of intestinal mucus and the formation of epithelial barriers, and attenuates the impacts of the pathogenic bacteria and their metabolites on human body. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors, and their activation causes the translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and eventually leads to expression and secretion of various pro-inflammatory factors and chemokines. The expression of TLRs is also involved in the pathogenesis of some inflammatory diseases and tumors. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of butyrate on TLRs and their downstream signaling pathways. We not only summarized the production of butyrate, the expression of TLRs and the influence of their interaction on the body under the conditions of inflammation and tumor, but also discussed the potential role of butyrate as a bacterial metabolite in the treatments of some human diseases.
Humans ; Butyrates ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Acetylation ; Phosphorylation ; Inflammation

The egg is one of the most common food allergens, and immunologic reactivity to egg antigens may be an early marker of atopic disorders. Budesonide is a synthetic non-halogenated corticosteroid with 16 , 17 -butylidene dioxy portion, and it is one of the common causes of corticosteroid allergy together with tixocortol pivalate and hydrocortisone butyrate. The patient was a 12 year old female. She had developed atopic dermatitis mainly on the face since she was 1 year old. She applied budesonide cream for treating atopic dermatitis in our dermatologic clinic, but her facial lesion was aggravated. On past medical history, she had been suffered from an egg allergy since 1-year-old, and she was accidentally exposed to egg and developed large pruritic erythematous patch on entire body. This case could be considered as atopic dermatitis with egg and budesonide hypersensitivity on the basis of the clinical features and prick test, MAST, open food challenge and patch test.
Allergens ; Budesonide* ; Butyrates ; Child ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Egg Hypersensitivity ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypersensitivity* ; Ovum* ; Patch Tests

The effect of DMSO and sodium butyrate on the production of recombinant hepatitis A virus (HAV) capsid protein VP1 was evaluated and optimized in the culture of stably transfected Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells using culture plates and spinner flasks. The effect of DMSO and sodium butyrate was also evaluated to improve the recombinant VP1 production in stably transfected Drosophila S2 cells. A production level of 0.88 mg of recombinant VP1/liter was obtained in the culture-plate culture of stably transfected S2 cells at 6 days after induction with 0.5 mM CuSO4. The supplements of 2% DMSO and 10 mM sodium butyrate at 4 days post-inoculation increased recombinant VP1 accumulation by 141 and 104%, respectively, resulting in 2.17 and 1.7 mg/liter of recombinant VP1 production. In spinner flasks, recombinant VP1 production reached maximum level at 9 days after induction with 0.5 mM CuSO4, with approximately 4.96 mg/liter of recombinant VP1 production level. When 2% DMSO or 10 mM sodium butyrate was added at 5 days post-inoculation, the recombinant VP1 production was increased to 8.35 and 5.85 mg/liter, respectively. However, the synergistic effects of DMSO and sodium butyrate were not observed. These results indicate that DMSO and/or sodium butyrate can be successfully used to improve the recombinant HAV VP1 production in culture plates and spinner flasks.
Butyrates ; Capsid Proteins ; Dimethyl Sulfoxide ; Drosophila ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Efficiency ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis A ; Hepatitis A virus ; Sodium