This study was aimed at evaluating the antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Thamnolia vermicularis. The antioxidant activity, reducing power, superoxide anion radical scavenging and free radical scavenging activities were studied. The antioxidant activity of the extract correlated with its concentration (0.2~2 mg/ml) in the reaction mixtures containing linoleic acid. Upto 67% of lipid peroxidation was inhibited by 2 mg/ml of the lichen extract. The extract showed strong free radical scavenging activity similar to that of BHA (positive control) in a manner of concentration dependent. The lichen extract also showed moderate effects on superoxide anoin scavenging activity and reducing power, which was not so effective as that of Quercetin and BHA used as positive controls. This study suggests that T. vermicularis lichen can be used as a novel source of natural antioxidant.
Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Lichens* ; Linoleic Acid ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Methanol ; Quercetin ; Superoxides

Activities of hepatic cytosol enzymes involved in UDP-g1ucuronic acid synthesis as well as in glutathione reduction and conjugation systems were determined following administrations of butylated hydroxyanisole (approximately 5 mmol/kg body weight/day) and of equimolar intake doses of its structural anglogs. These compounds included the multi-functional group side chain compounds (t-butyl hydroquinone, 4-hydroxy- anisole, hydroquinone, benzoquinone) and the mono-functional side chain compounds (t-butyl benzene, anisole, phenol). They were administered to mice for 10 days either by mixing them in the diet or by oral intubations. Results showed that glutathione Stransferase activities were markedly increased by all tested compounds except for the t-butyl benzene. Activities of glutathione reductase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase were increased together on1y by BHA and t-butyl hydroguinone. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and NADH:quinone reductase activities were significantly elevated by the multi-functional side chain compounds, but not by the mono-functional analogs. The relations between chemical structures of tested BHA analogs and elevations of the measured hepatic cytosol conjugation (detoxification) system enzyme activities for the metabolism and excretion of BHA analogs are discussed.
Animal ; Anisoles/metabolism* ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole/analogs & derivatives ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole/metabolism* ; Cytosol/enzymology* ; Glutathione/metabolism* ; Mice ; Uridine Diphosphate Glucuronic Acid/biosynthesis* ; Uridine Diphosphate Sugars/biosynthesis*

OBJECTIVEIn order to explore the pathway of dealkylation of pesticides other than cytochrome P450 monocoxygenases, lipoxygenase (LOX)-mediated demethylation of aminocarb and some other pesticides were measured.

METHODFormaldehyde generated in the reaction was estimated by Nash reaction to express the rate of demethylation of pesticides mediated by soy lipoxygenase (SLO).

RESULTSN-demethylation of aminocarb mediated by SLO was found to depend on the incubation time, concentration of the enzyme, concentration of aminocarb and hydrogen peroxide. Under optimal conditions, Vmax value of 18 nmol of formaldehyde.min-1.nmol-1 of lipoxygenase was observed. The reaction exhibited Km values of 3.4 mmol/L for aminocarb and 235 mumol/L for hydrogen peroxide. A strong inhibition of the reaction by nordihydroguaiaretic acid, gossypol, and phenidone clearly implicated the lipoxygenase involvement as the protein catalyst. A significant decline in the formaldehyde accumulation in the presence of either reduced glutathione or dithiothreitol suggested generation of a free radical species as an initial oxidation intermediate during the demethylation of aminocarb by SLO. The inhibition of formaldehyde generation by butylated hydroxyanisole(BHT) and butylated hydroxy toluene(BHA) further supported this contention. In addition to aminocarb, seven other pesticides were also found to undergo N-demethylation, albeit at relatively low rates.

CONCLUSIONCertain pesticides may oxidatively undergo dealkylation via the lipoxygenase pathway in animals and plants.

Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; pharmacology ; Butylated Hydroxytoluene ; pharmacology ; Dealkylation ; Free Radicals ; Lipoxygenase ; physiology ; Pesticides ; metabolism ; Phenylcarbamates ; metabolism ; Soybeans ; enzymology

BACKGROUND: Several studies demonstrated that high concentration salicylic acid (beta hydroxy acid, BHA) peels were beneficial for acne, post inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, oily skin, enlarged pores and surface roughness. OBJECTIVE: We have focused on the facial skin in acne patients after several BHA peels. METHODS: Thirty patients with acne vulgaris were included in this study. The peels were performed at 2 week intervals and sixteen patients completed a series of five peels. Stratum corneum hydration, skin surface lipid, skin pH, transepidermal water loss(TEWL) were measured at each visit and 2 weeks later after the last peel. RESULTS: The stratum corneum hydration, skin surface lipid, skin pH, TEWL did not show a statistically significant difference between the value of pretreatment and after five peels CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that BHA peels can be used to treat acne patients without disruption of normal skin function.
Acne Vulgaris* ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hyperpigmentation ; Melanosis ; Salicylic Acid ; Skin*

PURPOSE: The purposes of the current study were to assess the early results of cementless hip arthroplasty (HA) for femoral neck fractures in elderly patients with severe osteoporosis and to compare the clinical outcomes between those who underwent total HA (THA) or bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 2011 to May 2012, we performed 87 cementless HAs for displaced femoral neck fractures in elderly patients (> or =65 years) with severe osteoporosis. Among them, we studied 70 hips that were able to be followed-up for >24 months. Of these, 34 underwent THA and 36 underwent BHA. Clinical results were evaluated using the Harris hip score (HHS), Koval classification, and radiographs. RESULTS: Only one instance of femoral stem loosening was observed. Additionally, no dislocations were observed and no revision surgeries were required. The mean changes in the functional items of the HHS scores were 2.8 and 5.2 for those who underwent THA and BHA, respectively (P<0.05). According to the Koval classification used for the ambulatory status analysis, the mean perioperative change in the grade was 0.8 (0-4), with no significant differences noted between the THA and BHA groups. CONCLUSION: The early results of cementless HA for femur neck fractures in elderly patients with osteoporosis were satisfactory, and THA was found to have a functional advantage over BHA.
Aged* ; Arthroplasty* ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Classification ; Dislocations ; Femoral Neck Fractures* ; Hemiarthroplasty ; Hip ; Humans ; Osteoporosis*

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the clinical and radiologic results of total hip arthroplasty and bipolar hemiarthroplasty using collarless polished tapered femoral stem. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the results of 33 patients who underwent THA and BHA using cemented CPT femoral stem from November 2006 to April 2009. The mean follow-up period was 33 months. The clinical results were evaluated with a Harris Hip Score (HSS), and radiographic results were assessed with cement grade, osteolysis, loosening, stress shielding and subsidence methods. RESULTS: Mean HSS improved with 91 points. Postoperative cement grade was A in 14 cases, B in 14 cases, C1 in 5 cases and D in none. Aseptic loosening was not found, while focal radiolucency in zone 8 was found. 70% of stems showed grade 1 and 2 stress shielding according to Engh's criteria. Subsidence of the femoral stem was less than 1 mm in 32 cases, and was 1.47 mm in another case. Ectopic ossification was observed in 13 cases, class I in 11 cases, and class II in 2 cases, using Brooker's classification. CONCLUSION: This study showed the good clinical and radiographic results of THA and BHA with a cemented CPT femoral stem at the mid-term follow-up. However, a long-term follow-up study will be needed to evaluate the more precise clinical and radiographic outcomes.
Arthroplasty ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hemiarthroplasty ; Hip ; Humans ; Ossification, Heterotopic ; Osteolysis ; Retrospective Studies ; Tacrine

Effects of feeding 2(3)-tert-butyl 4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and 3, 5-di-tert-butyl 4-hydroxytoluene (BHT) on the rates of mixed function oxidation and conjugation enzyme reactions have been determined using isolated hepatic microsomal fractions and isolated perfused livers of mice. The treatments with either of the antioxidants have increased the rates of O-demethylation for p-nitroanisole and of O-deethylation for 7-ethoxycoumarin up to 2-fold, both in microsomes and in perfused liver. Analysis of the perfusate showed that the increased amounts of p-nitrophenol and 7-hydroxycoumarin produced by the elevated mixed-function oxidase activities were reflected by the increase in the amounts of glucuronide conjugates and not in the increase for the amounts of the sulfate ester conjugates. Comparison of results also indicated that in the perfused liver, the maximal rate of metabolite conjugation is limited by the maximal rates of the initial mixed function oxidase activities.
Alkylation ; Animal ; Anisoles/metabolism ; Anisoles/pharmacology* ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole/administration & dosage ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole/pharmacology* ; Butylated Hydroxytoluene/administration & dosage ; Butylated Hydroxytoluene/analogs & derivatives* ; Butylated Hydroxytoluene/pharmacology ; Comparative Study ; Coumarins/metabolism ; Female ; Glucuronosyltransferase/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism* ; Mice ; Microsomes, Liver/enzymology ; Microsomes, Liver/metabolism* ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Perfusion ; Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

Eventhough the hippocampal sclerosis (HS) is crucial in pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the seizure semiology in relation to the extent of hippocampal atrophy(HA) has not been well addressed. We attempted to investigate whether the extent of HA contributes to secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizure (2GTCS) occurrence in TLE. Clinical information in medical records, archived data of video-EEG monitoring (VEM) of 11 TLE patients were reviewed and findings of temporal lobe magnetic resonance imagines (TLMRIs) of those patients were analyzed. According to the extent of HA and the presence of amygdala atrophy (AA) in TLMRI findings, patients were divided into partial hippocampal atrophy group(PHA) (3 patients: HA limited to a partial portion of hippocampus), diffuse hippocampal atrophy group (DHA) (3 patients: extensive HA from head to tail of hippocampus) and amygdala atrophy group(AA) with HA(S patients). We analyzed 2GTCS occurrence rate (rate during previous one years and during VEM period) between PHA and DHA, between AA and only HA group, and between AA, DHA and PHA. There was no significant difference in age, sex, onset age, febrile seizure history and seizure duration. Both 2GTCS rate of the previous one month and that during VEM monitoring period were not significantly different between DHA and PHA, between AA and HA, and between AA, BHA and PHA, either. We preliminarily conclude that neither the hippocampal atrophy extent nor the presence of amygdala atrophy influenced the occurrence of 2GTCS in TLE.
Age of Onset ; Amygdala ; Atrophy* ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe* ; Head ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Sclerosis ; Seizures* ; Seizures, Febrile ; Temporal Lobe*

IH-901 (20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol or compound K) is a final intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng in humans. It has various pharmacologic effects such as antiaging, immunopotentiation, antistress, and antimetastatic activities. We analyzed the antioxidant activities of IH-901 using several assays including: total antioxidant activity, reductive potential, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, hydroxyl, superoxide and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, a nitric oxide scavenging assay and a lipid peroxidation assay. At concentrations of 25 and 100 microg/mL, IH-901 inhibited lipid peroxidation of a linoleic acid emulsion with a potency comparable to ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole. The reductive potential of IH-901 increased in a concentration-dependent manner. IH-901 exhibited strong DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and ABTS radical scavenging activities. IH-901 was also an effective inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, although IH-901 had only a mild scavenging activity against nitric oxide. These results suggest that IH-901 may be a useful antioxidant agent against reactive oxygen species.
Ascorbic Acid ; Benzothiazoles ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Humans ; Linoleic Acid ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Nitric Oxide ; Panax ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Sulfonic Acids ; Superoxides

Antioxidative and aldose reductase (AR)-inhibitory effects of a fermentation filtrate of Rubus coreanus (FRC) were investigated using corneal/retinal homogenate and lens cytosol, respectively. Rat corneal/retinal homogenate was treated with 50 microM FeCl3 in the presence of FRC (3.2-100 microg/mL) for 30 min at 37degrees C, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) was quantified as a lipid peroxidation parameter. FRC markedly suppressed the TBARS production in a concentration-dependent manner, leading to 50% (IC50) and 100% (IC100) inhibitory concentrations of 20 and 95 microg/mL, respectively, which was similar to the effect of butylated hydroxyanisole. Activity of AR from rat lens was assayed in the presence of FRC (1-31.6 microg/mL) at 25degrees C using glyceraldehyde as a substrate. FRC inhibited lens AR by 50% (IC50) and 90% (IC90) at approximately 2 and 31.6 microg/mL, respectively, comparable to the effect of quercetin. The results indicate that ERC could be a promising candidate for the improvement of eye injury and visual dysfunction of dry eye and diabetic patients.
Aldehyde Reductase ; Animals ; Butylated Hydroxyanisole ; Cytosol ; Eye ; Eye Injuries ; Fermentation ; Glyceraldehyde ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Quercetin ; Rats ; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances