BACKGROUND: One of the confronted problems of health branch of Mongolia is to confirm pregnancy and delivery to health of mother and baby and to decrease early neonatal mortality and stillbirth. Rate of perinatal mortality becomes real index of health and quality of health care. In the world more than 6 million perinatal mortality and 2.6 million stillbirths occur in 1000 birth every year. In Mongolia last year’s birth increases and perinatal mortality hasn’t been decreased yet. By 2013 perinatal mortality of country and aimag 14.4 per 1000 birth, in eastern and khangai and central regions and Ulaanbaatar (UB) city it is fewer than the above mentioned average, but the western region it is 17.5 or 3.1 î/îî higher than average rate. GOAL: To study current situation of perinatal mortality in western region of Mongolia MATERIAL AND METHODS: On the base of statistical dates of perinatal mortality of Health indicators and dates of health authorities of western region of Mongolia in 2004-2013 we considered indications of stillbirth from 22 weeks of gestation and early neonatal mortality by trend criteria. RESULTS: In the period of last 10 years in the western region of Mongolia totally 94810 mothers gave a birth, perinatal mortality is 2347 or 24.7 per 1000 birth. 57.7% of total perinatal mortality is stillbirth and 42.3% is early neonatal mortality. Among 5 aimags of region in Bayn-Ulgii stillbirth is the highest (77.2%), in Gobi-Altai aimag early neonatal mortality is the highest (70.3%). Dates show that perinatal mortality rate is different among western region’s aimags. Trends of Mongolian western region’s perinatal mortality rate till 2016 years will increase in Zavkhan aimag by 8.6, and in Khovd aimag by 0.9; and in other aimags will decrease. CONCLUSION: Although perinatal mortality decreases in western region of Mongolia, it is always higher than average rate of country. Therefore it is necessary to improve quality of antenatal and prenatal care. By doing this trend of increasing and decreasing will become stable and further it will be decreased.

The results of studies on heavy metal and bacterial contamination in Ulaanbaatar since 1990 have beensummed up in this abstract. In the recent years, soil pollution has increased due to rising number ofpopulation, especially in ger districts, factories and services in Ulaanbaatar. According to some surveys,pollution indicators of lead, arsenic and bacterial contamination in soil have exceedednationalstandardlevel.

Scientists and doctors publishing papers on prevalence, genetic and medical significance of Mongolian blue spots since 1700 years.The Mongolian spot is a congenital developmental condition exclusively involving the skin. The blue color is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells that are deep under the skin.As demonstrated in literatures n, native and Caucasians, Polynesians Prevalence of Mongol spots among the newborns in various ranges 1-100 per cent in various countries. Literatures published in last year's dem¬onstrating about some metabolic diseases and cancers observed among the children with Mongol spot. It is need to conduct more depth studies among population with dark skin.

Respiratory diseases morbidity and mortality rate of children between 0-5 age is considerably high in the US, China and East Asian countries. Studies conducted in Mongolia reveals that respiratory diseases morbidity rate of children between 1-4 age is very high in UB. Respiratory diseases case of children aged between 0-5 is predominantly registered in UB. Recent trend suggests that respiratory disease case of children aged between 0-5 shows no sign of decreasing, instead it is increasing. In addition to virus and bacteria, social factors have been one of the main influencers to respiratory diseases morbidity among small children, it was concluded.

Rationale: The most common reasons of childhood deaths is Respiratory Tract Infections and every year, 3 million out of 5 million children under five years of age suffering from respiratory diseases die due to lung inflammation (Stansfield et al, 1993).
In Ulaanbaatar live 182016 children aged 0-4 years and it around 45 percent of the total population in 2018. Ulaanbaatar is ranked first place in the world by air pollution, especially, atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) are much higher than the average annual concentrations indication in the recommendations of World Health Organization. This brings high risk of respiratory diseases morbidity and mortality to the children.
It is need to study the last ten-year trend of respiratory diseases which to happen to the children under five years of age, and it should be reduced the respiratory illness of young children. Objective: To study the last ten-year morbidity and mortality trend of respiratory diseases among children aged 0-4 in Ulaanbaatar. Methodology: We have been investigated the trend-survey of the respiratory disease morbidity and mortality of children aged 0-4 in Ulaanbaatar based on the last ten-year statistical data of the Ulaanbaatar Health Department. The population was estimated at 10000 people. Result: Hospital admissions because of respiratory diseases of children under 5-year-old were 3629,9-2009; 3827,3-2010; 3890-2011; 3958,3-2012; 4825,7-2013; 5723,5-2014 4669,4-2015; 5839,3-2016; 5624,4-2017; 4754.9-2018; 3811-2019 respectively, per 10000 people in Ulaanbaatar. The number of hospitalized patients due to respiratory diseases of Ulaanbaatar is increasing gradually from 2009 to 2019.
Respiratory disease mortality was 20,8 in 2008; 21-2009; 20,6-2010; 16,2-2011; 16-2012; 16,4-2013; 17,8-2014; 17,3-2015; 18,2-2016; 15,4-2017; 16.1-2018; 14.1-2019 respectively and mortality rate has been slightly decreased in recent years. Conclusion Although respiratory illness of children aged 0-4 in Ulaanbaatar has been steadily increasing over the past decade, the children mortality has been decreasing in recent years, gradually. Furthermore, it shall be studied of air quality and outdoor indoor air pollution-related diseases among children, detailed.

More than 150 million young people worldwide smoke; 81% of adolescents do not get enough exercise; 11.7% of adolescents drink alcohol and 41 million children under the age of 5 are overweight or obese. There were read and reviewed the 2011 and 2019 international and domestic literatures on prevalence and risk factors for non-communicable diseases among adolescents. We tried to summarise the risk factors for noncomminiable disease among adolescents.

Background: The Khongor soum has 253.3 thousand hectare square meter land which is 77 percent of Darkhan aimag from that 31.2 thousand hectare square meter land is used for plantation purpose. 12% of population is kazak. In April 2007, environment and drinking water resource of Khongor soum was polluted by dilution sewage water. Since after this incidence population were complaining about health status. Purpose of this survey was to determine cancer and general mortality of soum population. There 2 objectives: 1. To verify cancer mortality and morbidity in Khongor soum, Darkhan2. To assess excess mortality of cancer in the Khongor soumMethods: Health secondary data of 2006-2009 of Health department of Darkhan-Uul aimag was used for the assessment. The information about cause of death, number of death, population and so on were collected to caluculate crude mortality and cancer-specific mortality.Results: in 2007, the lowest or 4950 population was registered in Khongor soum and the highest number or 5628 of population was registered in 2002. The number of population gradually increased in 2009 by 5603. During 2006-2009 66 people were died in Khongor soum and this means 125.3 populations per 10000. According to the year trend mortality (66) rate was not fluctuated year by year. The leading ten causes of mortality of Khongor soum, at the first CVD (51.1 per 10000) and at the second cancer (37.8 per 10000) and it is similar with Mongolian mortality consistence. According to standardized mortality rate, mortality of Darkhan-Uul aimag was 8 per 10000 and the level of Khongor soum was 0.3 which means less than state average level. During 2006-2009 years, 24 people were died due to cancer and most of them were male (17, 70.8%). Every year of surveyed time, male mortality rate was high. The registered cancer (62.5 per 10000) of soum was similar with state average level and 1.5 times less then Darkhan- Uul aimag (92.5 per 1000) level.Conclusions: The last 5 years mortality rate of Khongor soum (124.9 per 10000) less 2.4 times from Mongolian state average level and 1.9 times less than Darkhan-uul aimag level. There are approved that cancer level of Khongor soum was not increased in last year. However, it is recommended to monitor Khongor soum’s morbidity and mortality to evaluate long-term effect of environmental pollution.

BACKGROUND:Mongolian spots (MS) are congenital birthmarks seen most commonly over the lumbosacralarea. They are bluish-green to black in color and oval to irregular in shape. Dermal pigmentationappears gray, greyish-blue or greyish black because these colors have a shorter wavelength andare reflected to the skin surface. The amount of melanin in the dermal melanocytes, the numberof dermal melanocytes and their depth in the dermis are also important determinants of color. TheMongolian blue spots often fade in a few years and are almost always gone by adolescence.AIM:The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and characteristics of Mongolian spots in 1-10-years-old children.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was carried out on 1000 children who were lived in Ulaanbaatar during 2013-2014.Children were carefully examined for the presence of Mongolian spots, including the hairy skin,during the systematic physical examination. If a spot was observed, localization, size, color andshape were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-21.RESULT:96.8% (95%CI 95.7-97.8) of the children’s was residents of Ulaanbaatar city, 49.2% [95%CI 46.1-52.5] of boys. The color of the Mongolian spots varied from pale blue to grayish blue. The mostfrequently involved sites were the lumbosacral areas. There was a disappearance in the incidenceof Mongolian spots with advancing age.CONCLUSION:The study shows that prevalence of blue spot among children aged 1-10 years old decreased withage and blue spot tended to disappear after the age of 10.

BackgroundTobacco use is responsible for a considerable number of morbidity and mortality in the World. It isconsidered to be one of the main preventable risk factors of non-communicable diseases. The tobaccosmoke contains more than 4000 substances that are harmful to health, and at least 43 of them arecarcinogenic. Globally, there are 1.3 billion smokers and nearly 5 million persons die every year fromtobacco-related illness. Based on current smoking trends, tobacco will soon become the leading causeof death worldwide. Most people begin using tobacco before the age of 18 years. Recent trends nowindicate earlier age of initiation and increasing prevalence of smoking among children and adolescents.In recent years the number of teenagers and women who smoke has grown significantly, with an averageage of initiation of 16 years.MethodsSurvey uses a global standardized methodology that includes a two-stage sample design with schoolsselected proportional to enrollment size. The classrooms within selected schools are chosen randomlyand all students in selected classes are invited to participate in the survey. The survey uses a standardglobal core questionnaire with a set of optional questions that permits adaptation to meet the needsof the country on tobacco use and key tobacco control indicators. A total of 7,298 eligible students ingrades 7-10 completed the survey, of which 6,178 were aged 13-15 years. The overall response rate ofall students surveyed was 92.3%.ResultsA total of 7298 students were covered in the survey. Amongst surveyed schoolchildren, 77.5% werestudents in grades 8-9 and 53.3% were females. 14.3% [95%CI: 4.7-6.7] of surveyed students (n=5775)currently used any tobacco product. Male students were as twice as more likely than female studentsto smoke daily [20.3%, 95%CI: 17.6-23.4 vs. 8.3%, 95%CI: 6.9-10.1]. 15.6% of students were havingever smoked cigarettes. Among those who have ever smoked, 8.6 percent reported to have first triedcigarette smoking before the age of 10-11 years. Male students were more likely to have earlier triedsmoking than female students (р>0.001). The percentage of students who currently use any tobaccoproduct is increased with the student’s age and it was the highest among students aged 15 years oldat 17.8% [95%CI: 15.2-20.8]. 28.6% of all surveyed students, 28.8% of male students and 31.8% offemale students smoked less than one cigarette per day. 37.4% of students smoked one cigarette perday, 25.5% smoked 2-5 cigarettes per day, 3.5% 6-10 cigarettes per day, 1.0% 11-20 cigarettes perday, and 3.9% smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day. 88.6% of those who tried to stop smoking did itbecause they wanted to be healthy. Of the current smokers, 84.3% think that they can stop smoking ifthey wanted to and most of the current smokers never received help or advice when trying to quit stopsmoking.Conclusion:The survey findings would serve as a baseline information database for undertaking a comparativeanalysis of tobacco smoking across the regions of the country; for evaluating of interventions and activitiesfor prevention and control of smoking related diseases; for establishing of surveillance system anddatabase on tobacco smoking; and for implementing of evidence based public health interventions anddecision making. Students had tried to stop smoking and wanted to quit smoking, however, programs,organizations and professionals who can help them to quit smoking are in shortage.

The blue spot distribution in the world and its health effects were published in previous review article. The current article presents the historical overview of blue spot in some Mongolian historical literature sources.For the literature review, we have used ancient Mongolian literature sources such as “Mongoliin Nuuts Tovchoo”, “Altan tovch”, “Erdeniin tovch”, “Shar tuuj”, “Khokh Mongoliig turuur badraakh hutagtai neruit zasag” “Asragch nertiin tuukh”, “Altan deed unenii ayalguu” and other historical, anthropological literature sources and studies.For centuries, Mongolians have symbolized blue as the color of “Eternal Blue Sky”. It is a symbol of long-lasting life, and everything for a Mongolian. In ancient Mongolian historical books, color blue and its symbolism have been recorded.According to some ancient historical literature sources, Mongolians were born with blue spot more than 40000 years ago.As articulated in historical and genetics literature sources, “Mongolian Blue spot” may have been distributed among Native American, Asian and African infants.