Sixty years after the massacre took place at Jeju, authors carried out a series of exhumations. The exhumation based on anthropological and archaeological method allowed for the interpretation of events occurring during the burial of the body and provided data for crime scene investigation, the evidence.
Burial ; Crime ; Exhumation

The Harappan Civilization, one of the earliest complex societies in the world, flourished on the Indian subcontinent. Although many additional Harappan settlements and cemeteries have been discovered and investigated, no coupled burials at Harappan cemeteries have been reported to date. In 2013–2016, we excavated the cemetery of the Rakhigarhi site (Haryana), the largest city of the Harappan Civilization. At the site, we found a grave that turned out to be a coupled (joint) burial of the primary type. This report is the first anthropologically confirmed case of coupled burial from a Harappan cemetery.
Anthropology ; Burial ; Cemeteries* ; Civilization*

The loss of penile skin, either traumatic or iatrogenic, is sometimes difficult to treat. The classical modes of surgical treatment are a thick split thickness graft and burial beneath the scrotal skin. Apron method, one stage penoplasty using the scrotal skin flap in the treatment of penile denudation, is reported herein.
Burial ; Male ; Penis* ; Skin ; Transplants

Harappan Civilization is well known for highly sophisticated urban society, having been flourished in extensive regions of northwestern part of Pakistan and northeastern part of Afghanistan as its heyday around 4500 years ago. Most archaeologists agree on the periodization of this civilization as three different phases (Early, Mature and Late), which represent its cultural process of origin, development and decline. From the Harappan sites, one can note that there were about more than fifty burial sites discovered so far related with the civilization. In this article, we are trying to introduce the brief picture of the Harappan burials from the archaeological as well as anthropological perspectives.
Afghanistan ; Anthropology ; Archaeology ; Burial* ; Civilization* ; Humans ; India* ; Pakistan

Increase in agricultural production or steel manufacturing during Proto-Three Kingdoms Period enabled ancient people to establish well-organized ancient kingdoms in Korean peninsula. A pottery in which human skeletons were buried, the urn coffin, has been regarded as one of the frequently used burial system in ancient Korean society. Among them, the small-sized urn coffin was thought to be used for reburial of adult skeleton or burial for infants and children. In this report, we showed that the human adult bones were buried in a very unique pattern. Based on anthropological study, the dead person buried in the urn coffin died in his/her 30s; and every bone fragment belonged to human skull without exception. The dead person might be a warrior killed in action because there have been reports on exclusive burial of skull in a small-sized, ancient urn coffin in Japan, that was commonly interpreted as the burial of ancient warrior's heads decapitated during ancient battle, and were reburied in the burial ground. Nevertheless, considering that the cervical bones were not found along with the skull bone fragments, the tell tale sign of decapitation, more future studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis. However, even so, it could not be easily denied that very unique funeral customs: burial of human adult skull in a small-sized urn coffin, prevailed in the ancient Korean societies in certain regions.
Adult ; Burial ; Child ; Decapitation ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Japan ; Korea ; Skeleton ; Skull ; Steel ; Tooth

Bone materials diggd up from the Haemi nameless martyrdom holy place burial sites were severely broken into fragments of various size, clay matrix filled the bone marrow cavities, grass roots were spreaded into the periosteum and the fragments were very soft enough to be flaken. To make permanent specimens, bony fragments impregnated within unsaturated polyester resin with catalyzer MEKP, promotor 8% cobalt octoate, and UV absorber. Permanent specimens were so very transparent that all the macroscopic structures can be observed, and they were hard enough not to be broken or cracked. This method of preserving bony fragments is considered to be used in archaeologic preservation and in making teaching materials of various human organs or tissues.
Bone Marrow ; Burial* ; Cobalt ; Humans ; Methods ; Periosteum ; Poaceae ; Polyesters ; Teaching Materials

Traumatic neuromas are rare benign tumors that are common after trauma or surgery and are usually accompanied by obvious symptoms of pain. Most reports show neuromas in the face, neck, and limbs, and the traumatic neuroma of the medial plantar nerve has rarely been reported. We encountered a traumatic neuroma of the medial plantar nerve after a deep laceration mimicking a foreign body granuloma. A small mass lesion was found around plantar aponeurosis with heterogeneous high signal intensity in the T2 fat suppression view and slightly enhanced intensity in the magnetic resonance imaging that suggested a foreign body granuloma. The lesion was diagnosed pathologically as a traumatic neuroma. A satisfactory clinical result was obtained after excision of the traumatic neuroma and burial of the proximal and distal stumps to the adjacent muscle at the secondary operation.
Burial ; Extremities ; Foot ; Foreign Bodies* ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body* ; Lacerations* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Neuroma* ; Tibial Nerve*

A paleoparasitological study was carried out on 2 lead coffins recovered from the Roman site of Jaunay-Clan (near Poitiers, France). For the first time, this particular type of burial gave positive parasitological results, and eggs of the whipworm Trichuris trichiura were identified in 1 individual. In the present case, thanatomorphose associated with funerary practices may explain the scarcity of the recovered eggs. However, human whipworm has now been observed in 9 individuals dated to the Roman period. The very high frequency of Trichuris sp. eggs in Roman archaeological sites (up to 80%) suggests that fecal peril, hygiene, and waste management were problematic during this period. Finally, due to the fact that very few analyses have been conducted on human bodies dated to the Roman period, more analyses must be performed in the future to provide further information about diseases in the Roman world.
Burial ; Eggs ; France* ; Human Body ; Humans* ; Hygiene ; Ovum ; Roman World ; Trichuriasis* ; Trichuris ; Waste Management

This study was undertaken to investigate the morphological changes of hair according to weathering after burial and to offer basic data for forensic science. To examine the effect of weathering degree, the 45 hairs buried for 5~50 years were taken from deceased individuals in tombs in Korea. The morphological changes in weathering hair shafts of the scalp were investigated using the scanning electron microscopes. There were little morphological differences of weathering depending on the regions of burial. The weathering changes includes exclusion of cuticle, separation of hair cortex and hollow formation in the medulla according to the burial period. These results could provide basic data to the field of forensic medicine.
Burial ; Electrons ; Forensic Medicine ; Forensic Sciences ; Hair ; Humans ; Korea ; Scalp ; Weather

This study was undertaken to investigate the morphological changes of scalp hair according to weathering after burial and to offer basic data for forensic science. To examine the effect of weathering degree, the 51 human scalp hairs buried after death were taken from deceased individuals in tombs in Korea. The morphological changes in weathering hair shafts of the scalp were investigated using the transmission electron microscopes (TEM). There were little morphological differences of weathering depending on the burial period. The weathering changes includes detachment of cuticle layer, aggregation of macrofibril and hollow formation in the cortex according to the burial period. These results could provide basic data to the field of forensic medicine.
Burial ; Electrons ; Forensic Medicine ; Forensic Sciences ; Hair ; Humans ; Korea ; Scalp ; Weather