Akabane, Aino and Chuzan virus are arthropod-borne (arbo)viruses mainly associated with reproductive failures in cattle. We investigated apoptosis in Vero cells (C-1586) infected with Akabane, Aino and Chuzan virus. The fragmentation of chromosomal DNA was simultaneously detected with the progress of cytopathic effect from 48 hr to 72 hr post infection, depending on viruses. Although the treatment of cycloheximide blocked apoptosis in Vero cells infected with three viruses, actinomycin D did not prevent DNA oligomerization, thus indicating that de novo viral protein synthesis is critical for viral apoptosis. In addition, the activation of caspase-3 was also detected in Vero cells by indirect fluorescent assay. From the present results, it is of future interest whether apoptotic characteristics of these viruses are related to pathogenecity in vivo.
Animals ; Apoptosis/*physiology ; Bunyaviridae/*physiology ; Caspase 3 ; Caspases/metabolism ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral/*physiology ; DNA Fragmentation/physiology ; Dactinomycin ; Enzyme Activation ; Orbivirus/*physiology ; Vero Cells

Animals ; Bunyaviridae Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; China ; epidemiology ; Fever ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Orthobunyavirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Thrombocytopenia ; epidemiology ; virology

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome bunyavirus is a newly emerging virus in China, enveloped with a tripartite, single-stranded RNA genome of negative polarity. The regulatory elements for viral transcription and replication, as well as encapsidation and packaging signals, are thought to be located within these noncoding regions (NCRs). The terminal nucleotides are genus specific and highly conserved. The function of the remaining nucleotides of the NCRs is still not well understood. In this study, we developed the plasmid-driven RNA polymerase I minireplicon system for SFTSV firstly, using reporter genes GFP and luciferase. The function of the noncoding regions of the three Bunyaviridae RNA segments (L, M, S) in transcription was analyzed. Reporter genes are successfully expressed in SFTSV minireplicon system. Our results suggest that the NCRs of SFTSV from all three segments contain the necessary signals to initiate transcription. Quantitative detection of the luciferase expression level shows that promoter activity in the three segments is different.
Bunyaviridae Infections ; virology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Phlebovirus ; genetics ; physiology ; Replicon ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Replication

Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel orthobunyavirus, was first isolated in 2011. SBV preferentially infects the central nervous system of cattle and sheep and causes fever, diarrhea, a drop in milk yields, congenital malformations and stillbirths. Until June 2014, more than 200 scientific publications regarding SBV have been published. Although more than 20 articles on SVB were published in China, most of these articles provided only a brief introduction of the disease without fully discussing the associated disease characteristics. As a new disease, it has been made a focus of the National Research Center for Exotic Animal Diseases at the China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center. In this review, in order to provide a reference for research into SBV in China, we have reviewed the state of current research progress on the etiology, diagnosis and epidemiology of SBV, and vaccine development.
Animals ; Bunyaviridae Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; veterinary ; virology ; Cattle ; China ; epidemiology ; Goats ; Host Specificity ; Orthobunyavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Sheep

The severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is the causative pathogen of an emerging infectious disease severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome and a new member in the genus Phlebovirus of family Bunyaviridae. Immune responses and pathological lesions in SFTSV-infected Balb/C mice and hamsters were evaluated by inoculation of SFTSV at 105 TCID50 or 103 TCID50 per animal through four different routes of infection, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intracerebral injections. The vehicle control groups were also included. At different time points after the inoculation blood and plasma samples were collected. Blood cell counts, blood viral RNA copies, and plasma antibodies were detected by automatic blood cell counters, real-time PCR, and luminex assays, respectively. At two weeks post inoculation, the animals were sacrificed. Tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, muscle, and brain, were collected for pathological analyses. Results showed that the SFTSV could infect Balb/C mice and hamsters with SFTSV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies detected in plasma samples on day 7 post inoculation. The SFTSV-specific IgM levels peaked on day 7 post inoculation and then decreased, whereas the SFTSV-specific IgG levels started to increase on day 7 and then peaked on day 14 post inoculation. Pathological analyses indicated significant pathological lesions in liver and kidney tissues. In conclusion, SFTSV could can infect different strains of rodent animals and cause similar immunological and pathological responses.
Animals ; Antibody Specificity ; Bunyaviridae Infections ; blood ; pathology ; Cricetinae ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Immunoglobulin M ; blood ; Leukocyte Count ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Organ Specificity ; Phlebovirus ; immunology ; physiology

To evaluate the prevalence of mosquito-borne viruses in Manshi and Ruili (Yunnan Province, China), we collected 2 149 mosquitoes (17 species) in August 2010. Virus isolation was undertaken by the cul- ture of baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21 cells). Two virus-like isolates were obtained: DHL10M117 was isolated from collected in Mangshi; DHL10M110 was obtained from Anopheles vagus collected in Rui- li. Both isolates caused cytopathic effects,illness and death in suckling mice inoculated with these isolates via the intracerebral route. Two positive amplicons, 702-bp from the S segment and 456-bp from the M segment,were obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for the Akabane virus (AKV). Phylogenetic analysis suggested that these two virus stains had a distant relation- ship with AKVs from Kenya and Australia,but were genetically close to those from Japan,South Korea, and Taiwan. However,they were separate from other Asian strains and grouped into a small branch. The highest nucleotide and amino-acid sequence identity of the S segment was found with the CY-77 strain from Taiwan (96.6% and 99.6% for DHL10M117 and 96.7% and 100% for DHL10M110,respectively). Com- parison of the M segment showed they shared the highest amino acid identity with CY-77 (99.6% and 100%, respectively), whereas the highest nucleotide identity was found with the Iriki strain from Japan (99.6% and 100%, respectively). Compared with the MP496 strain from Kenya,they displayed lower lev- els of sequence homology, at 69.7% and 70.0% for nucleotide sequences of the two loci,and 91. 0% for a- mino acids. Our results identified that DHL10M117 and DHL10M110 were strains of AKV,and provided molecular biological evidence for the existence of AKV in Yunnan Province. These AKV strains that are circulating in Yunnan Province share a close genetic relationship with strains from the rest of Asia. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles vagus may serve as transmission vectors.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anopheles ; virology ; Base Sequence ; Bunyaviridae Infections ; virology ; China ; Cricetinae ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Vectors ; virology ; Male ; Mice ; Orthobunyavirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Homology ; Viral Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics