OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are associated with the deficit in executive functions. Playing Go involves many aspect of cognitive function and we hypothesized that it would be effective for children with ADHD. METHODS: Seventeen drug naive children with ADHD and seventeen age and sex matched comparison subjects were participated. Participants played Go under the instructor's education for 2 hours/day, 5 days/week. Before and at the end of Go period, clinical symptoms, cognitive functions, and brain EEG were assessed with Dupaul's ADHD scale (ARS), Child depression inventory (CDI), digit span, the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT), and 8-channel QEEG system (LXE3208, Laxtha Inc., Daejeon, Korea). RESULTS: There were significant improvements of ARS total score (z=2.93, p<0.01) and inattentive score (z=2.94, p<0.01) in children with ADHD. However, there was no significant change in hyperactivity score (z=1.33, p=0.18). There were improvement of digit total score (z=2.60, p<0.01; z=2.06, p=0.03), digit forward score (z=2.21, p=0.02; z=2.02, p=0.04) in both ADHD and healthy comparisons. In addition, ADHD children showed decreased time of CCTT-2 (z=2.21, p=0.03). The change of theta/beta right of prefrontal cortex during 16 weeks was greater in children with ADHD than in healthy comparisons (F=4.45, p=0.04). The change of right theta/beta in prefrontal cortex has a positive correlation with ARS-inattention score in children with ADHD (r=0.44, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: We suggest that playing Go would be effective for children with ADHD by activating hypoarousal prefrontal function and enhancing executive function.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Brain* ; Child* ; Depression ; Education ; Electroencephalography ; Executive Function ; Humans ; Neurobehavioral Manifestations ; Prefrontal Cortex

Certain hormone values were evaluated on 207 subjects during the period from January 1983 to December 1983. These subjects were divided into the following 5 groups: Group I composed of 28 healthy men; Group AI, 83 patients with impotence; Group III, 60 patients with infertility; Group AV, 31 patients with hypogonadism; and Group V, 5 patients with intersex. Levels of plasma LH, FSH, testosterone and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay technique. Results were analysed and compared with those of control group. Conclusions were summarized as follows: 1. Mean values of plasma LH, FSH, and testosterone of Group I(control group)were 7.91mIU/ml, 11.29 mIU/ml, and 595.7ng/100ml, respectively. 2. In Group II, mean values of FSH were significantly decreased, but those of testosterone and prolactin were within normal ranges. 3. In Group III, mean values of plasma LH and FSH were significantly elevated but those of plasma testosterone were inversely decreased. Levels of plasma prolactin were within normal ranges. 4. Testicular histology taken from azoospermias revealed that most common findings were germ cell aplasia. 5. In Group IV, hypergonadotropic to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism ratio was 1.4:1. Mean values of plasma LH and FSH were significantly elevated in hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, but decreased in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, Mean values of testosterone decreased in both groups 7. A reciprocal proportion was found between age and plasma testosterone levels in the patients with varicocele.
Azoospermia ; Erectile Dysfunction ; Germ Cells ; Humans ; Hypogonadism ; Infertility ; Male* ; Plasma* ; Prolactin ; Radioimmunoassay ; Reference Values ; Testosterone ; Varicocele

OBJECTIVES: The authors studied the effects of cigarette smoking on the cognitive function with topographic mapping of auditory event-related potential P300. METHODS: The subjects, 24 smokers and 14 nonsmokers, were assessed in the latencies and amplitudes of topographic auditory event-related potential P300 determined by Global Field Power Measurement. RESULTS: 1) There were significant differences of P300 latencies between smokers and controls artier smoking(ANOVAL F=10.45, P=0.0026). 2) There were no significant differences of P300 amplitude but a trend was present between smokers and nonsmokers after smoking(ANOVAL F=3.77, P=0.06). 3) There were no significant differences of difference between amplitude in maximal point and amplitude in minimal point but a trend was present between smokers and nonsmokers artier smoking(ANOVAL F=3.68, P=0.063). 4) There were no significant differences of maximal point in X-axis and in Y-axis, minimal point in X-axis and in Y-axis of P300 between smokers and nonsmokers artier smoking. CONCLUSIONS: These results support that auditory event-related potential P300 change by cigarrete smoking is indicative of enhanced cognitive function.
Evoked Potentials* ; Smoke ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products*

Cystic lymphangiomas are comparatively rare, benign tumors of lymphatic system and their histogenesis are uncertain. About 75% of theses lesions are in the neck, 20% are in the axillary region, and 5% are in the mediastinum, retroperitoneal region or groin. But retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas are very rare. Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas are usually found incidentally during diagnostic procedures performed for unrelated clinical reasons or at surgery. Although retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma is a benign lesion, it may cause significant morbidity due to its large size and its often invasive character with a strong tedency to secondary infection. They generally present as a palpable mass or abdominal pain and fever related to hemorrhage or inflammation of the cystic wall. The treatment of choice is surgical excision. We experienced a case of retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma in a 4-year-old boy who had developed rapid abdominal distention and abdominal pain for 4 days. We have completely excised large cystic mass & histologically confirmed cystic lymphangioma. A brief review of literature was made.
Abdominal Pain ; Child, Preschool ; Coinfection ; Fever ; Groin ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lymphangioma, Cystic* ; Lymphatic System ; Male ; Mediastinum ; Neck

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurs with a high prevalence of comorbid disorders, and these comorbid disorders can affect assessment, clinical symptoms, prognosis, and treatment strategies for children with ADHD. The goal of this study was to develop a clinical practice guideline for ADHD and its specific comorbid disorders. Due to limited numbers of previous clinical studies, current recommendations are based on literature review and expert consensus among Korean child and adolescent psychiatrists. We suggest the use of multidisciplinary evaluations, interview techniques, and assessment tools in order to differentiate major comorbid disorders from ADHD. Specific ADHD comorbid disorders (e.g., medical comorbidity, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, specific learning disorder, tic disorder, and substance use disorder) have suggested treatment protocols that include pharmacological and behavioral treatments. Children and adolescents with ADHD may have comorbid disorders. The use of current clinical practice guidelines will be helpful when treating ADHD children with comorbid disorders.
Adolescent ; Anxiety Disorders ; Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders ; Bipolar Disorder ; Child ; Clinical Protocols ; Comorbidity ; Conduct Disorder ; Consensus ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Humans ; Prevalence ; Prognosis ; Psychiatry ; Specific Learning Disorder ; Tic Disorders

The web of the common bile duct is an extremely rare anomaly and the cause of the obstructive jaundice. We experienced a case of the congenital web of common bile duct in a 42 years old male who complained of jaundice for 10 days prior to admission without choledocholithiasis and cholangitis. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed a common bile duct web (transverse, diaphragmatic type) and the diagnosis was confirmed by an endoscopic forcep biopsy. We reported a case of the congenita1 web of the common bile duct which was treated with a stent insertion and balloon dilatation.
Adult ; Biopsy ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis ; Choledocholithiasis ; Common Bile Duct* ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation* ; Humans ; Jaundice ; Jaundice, Obstructive ; Male ; Stents ; Surgical Instruments

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a cholestatic liver disease characterized by fibroobliterative inflammation of the entire biliary tree. It is a slowly progressive disease with an undulating course, resulting in biliary cirrhosis. The gold standard for establishing the diagnosis is cholangiographic demonstration of typical diffuse biliary stricturing and beading. We exprienced a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis by Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) demonstration. ERCP findings revealed multiple luminal narrowing, stricture and beaded dilatation of the intrahepatic duct. We report a case of primary sclerosing cholangitis localizing at intrahepatic bile duct, which is confused with cholangiocarcinoma.
Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic* ; Biliary Tract ; Cholangiocarcinoma ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cholangitis, Sclerosing* ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Diagnosis ; Dilatation ; Inflammation ; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary ; Liver Diseases ; Phenobarbital

Candidiasis of the gastrointestinal tract typically occurs in a setting of decreased re- sistance to opportunistic infection, but also occurs in apparently normal individuals. Mucosal lesions in the gastrointestinal tract predominantly involve the esophagus, and gastroduodenal and enteric candidial lesions, which are less frequent, have only infrequently been detected antemortem. A case was experienced involving esophageal and gastroduodenal candidiasis in the patient of hepatocellular carcinoma and spinal metastasis treated with emergent radiotherapy and corticosteroid. He complained of anorexia and dyaphagia in the 4th day of radiotherapy. Endoscopy revealed multiple, large raised, white plaques and patches covering the mid- and distal esophageal mucosa, and several superficial aphthous ulcerations covered with white plaques in the entire stomach, and two deep excavating ulcers at the angle and antrum. The duodenal mucosa was covered with multiple small, white plaques, and a huge penetraing ulcer was seen in the duodenal bulb. Endoscopic biopsy showed budding yeast and pseudohyphae infiltrating through the ulcerated mucosa. Cultures of the same material canfirmed the organism to be Candida albicans. The patient was treated with fluconazole for 2 weeks. The case of esophgeal and gastroduodenal candidiasis is reported with reviiew of relevant literature.
Anorexia ; Biopsy ; Candida albicans ; Candidiasis* ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; Endoscopy ; Esophagus ; Fluconazole ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Humans ; Mucous Membrane ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Opportunistic Infections ; Radiotherapy ; Saccharomycetales ; Stomach ; Stomatitis, Aphthous ; Ulcer

BACKGROUND: Use of antispasmodic medication prior to colonoscopy is controversial but someone believes antispasmodic may improve visualization of colonic mucosa and ease colonoscope insertion. So, we designed a study to assess the effect of premedication with the antispasmodic, hyoscine-N-butyl bromide(Buscopan(R)) on the performance of colonoscopy. METHODS: This study was prospective, double blinded, randomized, controlled study, One hundred three consecutive patients were randomized to receive intravenous buscopan lml(n=52) or placebo(n=51) combined with our standard initial medication(me-peridine 50 mg and midazolam 2 mg). Insertion of colonoscopy was timed, and 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) were used for asscssing difficulty of procedure, colonic motility, frequency of positional change, frequency of external compression, difficulty of assistance and degree of discomfort experienced by the patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences of intubation time between buscopan group(mean time, 7.23 min., range 2~15) and placebo group(7.07 min., range 3~25), (p=0.83) and withdrawal time between buscopan group (6.46 min., range 2-22) and placebo group(6.76 min., range 2 25), (p=0.69). Also, there was no significant differences in intubation time between males and females(buscopan; males 7.00 min., females 7.60 min., p=0.34, placebo; males 7.0~5 min., females 7.08 min., p 0.44). The VAS scores checked by endoscopist(p=0.29), assistant(p=0.32) and patient (p=0.15) were not significantly different in both groups. There were no significant differences in intubation time, VAS scores nf endoscopist, assistant, and patients. CONCLUSION: Premedication with intravenous bu.opan has no advantage on colonoscopy procedure. Use of antispasmodic medication prior to colonoscopy was not considered as recommendable agent.
Butylscopolammonium Bromide ; Colon ; Colonoscopes ; Colonoscopy* ; Female ; Humans ; Intubation ; Male ; Midazolam ; Mucous Membrane ; Premedication* ; Prospective Studies* ; Weights and Measures

We present herein the case of 31-year-old man with disseminated malignant melanoma in whom a multiple metastasis into jejunum causing multiple intussusceptian. At laparotomy, multiple variable sized metastatic melanoma were noted on proximal and distal jejunum. To our knowledge, there was no report about multiple intussusceptions by malignant melanoma in Korea.
Adult ; Humans ; Intussusception* ; Jejunum ; Korea ; Laparotomy ; Melanoma* ; Neoplasm Metastasis