Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effect of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in the offspring and to examine the mediating role of antepartum health risk on the intergenerational transmission of maternal ACEs. Methods: The participants consisted of 461 mother-child dyads. Mothers completed the ACEs questionnaire and Diagnostic Predictive Scales. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of ADHD symptoms in the offspring of mothers with ACEs and the mediating effect of antepartum health risks by path analysis. Results: In all, 35.4% (n=163) had at least one maternal ACE, and 11.1% (n=51) had three or more. Compared to the non-ADHD symptom group, the group of offspring with ADHD symptoms showed a significant association with maternal ACE score (p<0.001) and antepartum health risks (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis further showed a significant association between the sum of maternal ACEs [odds ratio (OR)=1.264, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 1.060–1.516, p=0.009], antepartum health risks (OR=1.236, 95% CI=1.036–1.475, p= 0.019), and ADHD symptoms in the offspring. In the mediation model in which the mother’s ACE score affected the offspring’s ADHD symptoms, partial mediation through antepartum health risks was found to be significant (B=0.041, 95% CI=0.011–0.124). Conclusion Maternal ACEs are significantly related to the incidence of ADHD symptoms in the offspring and antepartum health risks exert an indirect effect. These findings suggest that maternal ACEs have a negative impact on the offspring’s brain development through intergenerational transmission, resulting in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD.

PURPOSE: To analysis of the clinical aspects of axillofemoral (AXFBG) and aortofemoral bypass (AOFBG) for aortoiliac occlusive disease. METHODS: Between June 1996 and May 2001, 23 patients underwent AXFBG or AOFBG for lower extremity ischemia caused by aortoiliac occlusive disease at Samsung Medical Center. The decision to perform AXFBG or AOFBG was based on an assessment of surgical risk and the patient's preference. We retrospectively analyzed the preoperative clinical status, risk factors and distal runoff scores affecting the patency rate as well as the clinical outcome following surgery. RESULTS: We performed 10 AXFBGs and 13 AOFBGs. The mean age was 67.8 years in AXFBG patients and 57.4 years in AOFBG patients. Limb salvage as an indication for surgery included 8 (80%) cases with AXFBG, as compared to 13(100%) cases with AOFBG. The mean follow-up period was 20.7 months in AXFBG and 21.8 months in AOFBG. The clinical improvement following surgery was statistically higher with AOFBG. The one-year and 2-year primary patency rates in AXFBG were 100% and 82% retrospectively. All of the grafts of AOFBG were patent during this follow-up period. CONCLUSION: The clinical improvement was higher with AOFBG as compared to AXFBG. However AXFBG is a safe practice in high-risk patients.
Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Ischemia ; Limb Salvage ; Lower Extremity ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Transplants

Objectives: Maternal depression negatively affects depression and anxiety symptoms in the offspring. This study examined the association between maternal depression and their adolescent offspring depression and anxiety, as well as the mediating role of emotional trauma in determining the association. Methods: Participants were 237 mothers (46.08±5.00 years) and their adolescent offspring (16.54±1.51 years). The participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, and the Screen for Children’s Anxiety Related Disorders. The mediating effect of emotional trauma on offspring was explored using mediation analysis. Results: Maternal depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with adolescent offspring traumatic experiences, as well as with their depressive and anxiety symptoms. Mediation analysis results showed that emotional trauma of offspring significantly mediated the effect of maternal depression on their depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Findings indicate that maternal depression was significantly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescent offspring, mediated by their emotional trauma. Future research is needed to investigate pathways and intervention strategies to prevent the intergenerational transmission of emotional problems.

Objectives: Maternal depression negatively affects depression and anxiety symptoms in the offspring. This study examined the association between maternal depression and their adolescent offspring depression and anxiety, as well as the mediating role of emotional trauma in determining the association. Methods: Participants were 237 mothers (46.08±5.00 years) and their adolescent offspring (16.54±1.51 years). The participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, and the Screen for Children’s Anxiety Related Disorders. The mediating effect of emotional trauma on offspring was explored using mediation analysis. Results: Maternal depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with adolescent offspring traumatic experiences, as well as with their depressive and anxiety symptoms. Mediation analysis results showed that emotional trauma of offspring significantly mediated the effect of maternal depression on their depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Findings indicate that maternal depression was significantly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescent offspring, mediated by their emotional trauma. Future research is needed to investigate pathways and intervention strategies to prevent the intergenerational transmission of emotional problems.

Objectives: Maternal depression negatively affects depression and anxiety symptoms in the offspring. This study examined the association between maternal depression and their adolescent offspring depression and anxiety, as well as the mediating role of emotional trauma in determining the association. Methods: Participants were 237 mothers (46.08±5.00 years) and their adolescent offspring (16.54±1.51 years). The participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Early Trauma Inventory Self Report-Short Form, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, and the Screen for Children’s Anxiety Related Disorders. The mediating effect of emotional trauma on offspring was explored using mediation analysis. Results: Maternal depressive symptoms were significantly correlated with adolescent offspring traumatic experiences, as well as with their depressive and anxiety symptoms. Mediation analysis results showed that emotional trauma of offspring significantly mediated the effect of maternal depression on their depressive and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion Findings indicate that maternal depression was significantly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms in adolescent offspring, mediated by their emotional trauma. Future research is needed to investigate pathways and intervention strategies to prevent the intergenerational transmission of emotional problems.

Dental caries is the most common disease in the oral cavity. However, the mechanism and treatment of dental caries is not completely understood since many complex factors are involved. Especially the effect of pH on remineralization of early stage of dental caries is still controversial. In this study, dental caries in dentin was induced by using lactic acidulated buffering solutions and the loss of inorganic substance was measured. Also decalcified specimens were remineralized by three groups of solution with different pH (group of pH 4.3, 5.0, and 5.5). Then, the amount and the area of inorganic substance precipitation was quantitatively analyzed with microradiograph. Also a qualitative comparison of the normal phase, the demineralized phase, and the remineralized phase of hydroxyapatite crystal was made under SEM. The results were as follows; 1. In microradiograghic analysis, as the pH increased, the amount of remineralization in decalcified dentin tended to increase significantly. As the pH decreaced, deeper decalcification, however, occurred along with remineralization. The group of pH 5.5 had a tendency to be remineralized without demineralization (p < 0.05). 2. In SEM view, the remineralization in dentine caries occurred from the hydroxyapatite crystal surface surrounding the mesh of organic matrix, and eventually filled up the demineralized area. 3. 5 days after remineralization, hydroxyapatite crystal grew bigger with deposition of inorganic substance in pH 4.3 and 5.0 group, and the crystal in the remineralized area appeared to return to normal. After 10 days, the crystals in group of pH 4.3 and 5.0, which grew bigger after 5 days of remineralization, turned back to their normal size, but in group of pH 5.5, some crystals were found to double their size. In according to the results of this experiment, the decalcifying and remineralizing process of dentine is neither simple nor independent, but a dynamic process in which decalcification and remineralization occur simultaneously. The remineralization process occurred from the hydroxyapatite crystal surface.
Dental Caries ; Dental Enamel ; Dentin* ; Durapatite ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Mouth

Objectives: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior, including suicidal ideation (SI) and suicide attempts, are important predictors of suicide in adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the associations between NSSI, SI, NSSI+SI, mental health problems, and family factors in Korean adolescents in Jeju Island, with an emphasis on key findings. Methods: A total of 561 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires regarding demographics, NSSI, SI, suicidal behavior, perceived family functioning, and mental health problems, which were assessed using Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, Screen for Children Anxiety-Related Disorders (SCARED), and Youth Self-Report (YSR). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, chi-square test, post-hoc analyses, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: In this study, 22.3% of adolescents reported either NSSI or SI, with 5.5% reporting NSSI and 20.7% reporting SI. Combined (NSSI+SI) group showed a significantly higher SCARED score, anxiety/depression, thought problems, attention problem, and rule breaking on YSR than did the SI only group. Higher level of depression and anxiety were significantly associated with NSSI and SI. Female sex and perceived family dissatisfaction were significantly associated factors for SI, but not for NSSI in multivariate logistic regression. Conclusion This study provides insights into the clinical characteristics and associated factors among adolescents with NSSI, SI, and NSSI+SI in Jeju Island. Identifying these results can inform the development of targeted prevention and intervention strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of these behaviors and contribute to a better understanding of the role of family in this context.

Nocardiosis is a rare infection seen most commonly in immunocompromized patients. Most patients have pulmonary involvement, but some develop disseminated infection. A 52-year-old man, treated with immunosuppressive drugs for 3 months after kidney transplantation, developed pulmonary nocardiosis and disseminated infection involving brain, skin, and both uvea. The diagnosis was made by open lung biopsy specimens showing characteristic weak acid fastness with modified Ziel-Neelsen stainig and histologic examination. Immunosuppressive therapy was continued and combination of surgical drainage of brain abscess and chemotherapy with Minocycline were successful. With the increasing number of allograft recipients and concomitant immunosuppression, the possibility of an increase in Nocardia opportunistic infections exists.
Allografts ; Biopsy ; Brain ; Brain Abscess ; Diagnosis ; Drainage ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Immunosuppression ; Kidney Transplantation ; Kidney* ; Lung ; Middle Aged ; Minocycline ; Nocardia ; Nocardia Infections* ; Opportunistic Infections ; Skin ; Transplantation* ; Uvea

Objectives: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of mothers may negatively affect the mental health of their offspring. Little is known about the intergenerational effect of maternal ACE on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the offspring. This study investigated the impact of maternal ACEs on PTSD in the offspring. Methods: A total of 156 mothers with children aged 13–18 years completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) Predictive Scales to determine the presence of psychiatric disorders in their offspring. The subjects completed the ACE questionnaire and the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report-Short Form. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between maternal ACEs and PTSD in the offspring. Results: Of the mothers, 23.7% had at least one ACE, and PTSD was reported in 21.8% of the offspring. The offspring of the mothers in the ACE group had a significantly higher rates of traumatic experiences and PTSD than the offspring of the mothers in the no ACE group. Maternal household dysfunction independently predicted offspring PTSD [odds ratio (OR)=3.008, p=0.05), and three or more maternal ACEs were significantly related to PTSD in the offspring (OR=10.613, p=0.025). Conclusion Maternal ACEs have a significant impact on the risk of traumatic experiences and PTSD in the offspring. These findings suggest the presence of intergenerational transmissions by which maternal ACEs affect the mental health of the offspring.