No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Neoplasm Metastasis*

No abstract available.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast*

No abstract available.
Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Thyroid Gland*

The bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable bacteria or its toxin from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract through the intestinal mucosa to other site of host. It is believed that bacterial translocation may lead to systemic infection and septicemia. The purpose of this study was to determine what factors in experimental surgical trauma lead to bacterial translocation. Two-nonth-old Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: A-control; B-anesthesia only and C-anesthesia and surgery. After 24 and 48 hours, caval blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lung and spleen were harvested aseptically and cultured for aerobic organism. To exclude the possibility of contamination during surgical manipulation and harvesting, swab culture of peritoneal surface was performed. The bacterial translocation seldom occurred 24 hours after surgical manipulation. There was a significant increase in the number of animals with bacterial translocation in group C, 48 hours after manipulation and harvesting, swab culture of peritoneal surface was performed. The bacterial translocation seldom occurred 24 hours after surgical manipulation. There was a significant increase in the number of animals with bacterial translocation in group C, 48 hours after surgical manipulation. The majority of translocating bacteria was E. coli.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Bacterial Translocation* ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Intestinal Mucosa ; Liver ; Lung ; Lymph Nodes ; Rats ; Sepsis ; Spleen

The goal in facial paralysis treatment is to achieve the normal appearance of the face as well as to reconstruct the natural symmetrical smile. In cases of facial paralysis, a widely accepted procedure is the two stage method, which combines neurovascular free muscle transfer with cross face nerve grafting. Although the results are promising, the two operations of this method, which are about 1 year apart, impose an economic burden on the patients and require a lengthy period before results are obtained. In order to overcome these drawbacks, one stage method, using latissimus dorsi neurovascuular free muscle flap was introduced. Between January 2000 and January 2004, fifteen patients with long standing facial paralysis were treated in the Korea University Anam Hospital. The segmental latissimus dorsi with long nerve and pedicle was transferred to the paralyzed side of the face. The first postoperative movement of the transferred muscle was reported at 8.9 months, faster than that of the two stage method. During the next 24 months, a constant increase in the power of muscle contraction was observed. The fifteen cases were evaluated within an average of 31.7 months following the surgery and satisfactory results including muscle contraction were obtained in eleven of the cases but muscle contraction was not found in three cases.
Facial Paralysis* ; Free Tissue Flaps* ; Humans ; Korea ; Muscle Contraction ; Superficial Back Muscles* ; Transplants

BACKGROUND: Popular immunohistochemical techniques for assay of estrogen receptor(ER) allow the localization of positive cells in specific cell populations. Some of breast carcinomas composed of discrete populations of cells were negative for ER, while neighboring populations of cells were positive for ER. Such heterogeneity might be due to biological or artifactual causes. METHODS: We studied 67 tissue blocks for geographic heterogeneity within the level of ER and cytokeratin(CK) by staining ER and CK. Positive distribution of ER and CK was manually assessed. RESULTS: The immunohistochemical expression revealed 50 cases for ER-positive and 17 cases for ER-negative. In 50 ER-positive cancers, homogeneity was 38 cases, heterogeneity was 11 case, and artifactural change was developed in and one case. excluded in the analysis. The rate of heterogeneity of the ER-positive cancers was 22.4%(11/49). Comparisons of homogeneity and heterogeneity according to clinicopathologic risk factors in ER-positive breast cancer demonstrated that the heterogeneity of ER was significantly higher in each subgroups; relatively younger ages(< or =50yr), premenopausal status, early menarche(< or =15yr), early stage(< or =I b), DCIS in pathology, and lower positive expression rate of ER(<50%). CONCLUSION: Clinicopathologic risk factoes would be required to discover the heterogeneity of ER-positive breast cancer. Also a long-term follow-up study on risk factors, including disease free survival, response to anti-estrogen therapy, and survival according to heterogeneity of ER would be need.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating ; Disease-Free Survival ; Estrogens* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pathology ; Population Characteristics* ; Risk Factors ; Staining and Labeling

PURPOSE: Oncogen or growth factor receptor such as phospholipase C isoenzyme gamma-1 (PLC gamma-1), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Her-2/neu which related with tyrosin kinasemay and then regulating vell proliferation may have a role as prognostic factors for breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: With assumption that expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu oncogene has close relationship with prognosis of breast cancer, 59 breast cancer patients who were operated upon at Korea University Hospital during a period of 6 years starting June 1988 to May 1994 were selected for this study. This study was carried out by comparing between expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu oncogene and patient's survival rate. These expression were also compared with TNM system, estrogen and progesterone receptor and at same time these expressions were compared with each other to see whether there are any relationship among these expression. RESULTS: Expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu were present in 42% (25/59), 46% (27/59) and 20% (12/59). The expression of PLC gamma-1 was closely related with the expression of EGFR (p<0.05) and Her-2/neu (p<0.05), but there were no relationship between the expression of PLC gamma-1 and hormonal receptors and TNM stage (p>0.05). The expression of EGFR was closely related with the expression of Her-2/neu (p<0.05) and hormone receptors (p<0.05), but there were no relationship between the expression of EGFR and pathologic TNM stage (p>0.05). The expression of Her-2/neu was not closely related with hormone receptors and TNM stage except axillary lymph node metastasis. There were close relationship between overall and disease free survival and PLC gamma-1 and Her-2/neu. But EGFR had only related with disease free survival rate. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the expression of PLC gamma-1, EGFR and Her-2/neu oncogene in human breast cancer may be useful prognostic factors independently and it may potentiated its individual value as a prognostic factors if use them together.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Estrogens ; Humans* ; Korea ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Oncogenes ; Phospholipases* ; Prognosis ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor* ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Survival Rate ; Type C Phospholipases*

The bcl-2 proto-oncogene was first described as a result of the chromosomal translocation t(14:18) seen in a large number of follicular B-cell lines. Bcl-2 is so far unique a proto-oncogene in that it codes for an inner mitochondrial membrane protein. This protein regulates the programmed cell death called apoptosis. This study was designed to investigate expression of bcl-2 protein in 81 human breast cancer by using immunohistochemical staining with the monoclonal antibody of bcl-2 protein. Also this factor was compared with established clinicopathological prognostic factors and hormone receptors. The bcl-2 protein expression was positive in 38(47%) cases and was negative in 43(53%) cases. There was significant correlation between bcl-2 protein expression and histologic grade(p=0.014). Positive expression of bcl-2 protein was correlated with positive estrogen(p=0.051) and progesterone(p=0.059) receptors, but this correlation was not significant. Bcl-2 expression failed to show its prognostic role for overall(p=0.115) and disease free(p=0.214) survival. In conclusion, the bcl-2 protein is often expressed in half of breast cancer, and its expression is associated with histologic grade and hormone receptor status, but the overall and disease free survival of breast cancer patient do not appear to be influenced by bcl-2 protein expression.
Apoptosis ; B-Lymphocytes ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Cell Death ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Mitochondrial Membranes ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Translocation, Genetic

The diagnosis of breast disease relies primarily on histopathological diagnosis of hematoxylin-eosin stained specimens. Recently, the histopathological diagnosis has been complemented to an extent by analyses of a growing array of immunohistochemical and molecular markers. Prohibitin is an evolutionarily conserved gene with homologues found in organisms ranging from yeast to man. Prohibitin has anti-proliferous activity and available data suggest a role in such diverse processes as normal cell cycle regulation, replicate senescence, cellular immortalization, and the development of sporadic breast tumors. In this study, the prohibitin protein was immunohistochemically stained in representative samples from 10 patients with fibrocystic diseases, 10 with fibroadenomas, 10 with ductal carcinomas in situ, and 33 with infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast. There were weaker expressions throughout the tissue in benign breast diseases, but there was stronger staining in the glandular epithelium of breast cancers than with the stromal components. The epithelial and the stromal prohibitin expressions were elevated in carcinomas in situ and in infiltrating ductal carcinomas. However, the expression was most notable in infiltrating ductal carcinomas. There was no correlation between the prohibitin protein and the histologic grade or the TNM stage in breast cancer(p<0.05). These results show that imunohistochemical staining of prohibitin can be used as a diagnostic biomarker in breast cancer.
Breast Diseases ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Cell Aging ; Cell Cycle ; Complement System Proteins ; Diagnosis ; Epithelium ; Fibroadenoma ; Humans ; Yeasts