Clinical analysis of 170 patients with childhood leukemia was made, who were admitted to the department of Pediatrics, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University, College of Medicine during 10 years from 1981 to 1990. The results were as follows: 1) The annual number of the patients with childhood leukemia was in the range of 6~25 cases. And the annual rate of the number of the patients in the department of the Pediatrics was 0.37~1.60% with the average of 1.06%. 2) Of the 170 patients, 72 cases(42.3%) were in the range of 0~5 years of age, which was the largest age group. In male, of the 97 patients, the largest age group was the age group of 0~5 years, which included 45 cases (46.4%), while in female, the largest was that of 6~10 years, which included 29 cases of 73 patients (39.8%). 3) Of the 170 patients, sex ratio was 1.33:1 with male dominance in all age groups except 1:1.6 with female dominance in the age group of 6~10 years. 4) Of the 170 patients, 113 cases were ALL (66.5%), 50 cases AML (29.4%), and 7 cases CML (4.1%). 5) In ALL, 51 cases of the 113 patients (45.1%), were in the age group of 0~5 years, 35 cases (31%) in the age group of 6~10 years, and 27 cases (23.9%) in the age group of 11~15 years. In AML, 19 cases of the 50 patients (38.0%) were in the age group of 0~5 years, 17 cases (34%) in the age group of 6~10 years, and 14 cases (28%) in the age group of 11~15 years. 6) In ALL, the sex ratio of male: female was 1.21:1, 1,50:1 in AML, and 2.5:1 in CML. 7) According to the FAB classification in ALL, of the 113 patients, 72 cases (63,7%) were in L1 type, 34 cases (30.0%) in L2 type, and only 3 cases in L3 type. In AML, of the 50 patients, 19 cases (38%) were in M2 type, 16 cases (32%) in M1 type, and 6 cases (12%) in M4 type, in order. 8) In CML, of the 7 patients, 4 cases were juvenile type, who were all under 10 years old, while 3 cases were adult type, who were all male above 11 years old. 9) Of the 170 patients, clinical symptoms on admission were pallor in 112 cases (65.9%), fever in 84 cases (49.4%), hemorrhage in 78 cases (45.9%), weakness in 40 cases (25.3%), bone pain in 32 cases (18.8%) in order. 10) Of the 170 patients, physical findings on admission were hepatomegaly in 113 cases (66.5%), lymphnode swelling in 84 cases (49.4%), splenomegaly in 78 cases (45,9%)in order. 11) Of the 170 patients, the hemoglobin level on admission were 4~7gm/dl in 95 cases (55.9%), 8~10gm/dl in 42 cases (24.7%), and 0~3gm/dl in 22 cases (12.9%) in order. 12) Of the 170 patients, the WBC count on admission were 10,000~50,000/mm3 in 58 cases (34.1%), below, 5,000/mm3 in 49 cases (28.8%), and 5,5000~100,000/mm3 in 24 cases (14.1%) in order. 13) Of the 170 patients, the platelet count on admission were below 50,000/mm3 in 93 cases (54,7%), above 100,000/mm3 in 48 cases (28.2%), 20,000~50,000/mm3 in 43 (25,3%), 43 cases (25,3%), and 50,000~100,000/mm3 in 29 cases (17.1%) in order.
Adult ; Busan ; Child ; Classification ; Female ; Fever ; Hemorrhage ; Hepatomegaly ; Humans ; Leukemia* ; Male ; Pallor ; Pediatrics ; Platelet Count ; Sex Ratio ; Splenomegaly

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We aimed to analyze the morphologic features of the nose in the human embryo from 4th to 8th developmental weeks according to the Carnegie stage. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 27 cases of embryos, ranging from Carnegie stage of 13 to 23, were analyzed. The external morphology was observed with a stereomicroscope, photographed and analyzed. The histologic features were observed with a light microscope in the horizontally-transected specimens stained with hematoxylin-eosin staining. RESULTS: The nasal placode was observed at the stage 13, and it became flat or even concave at the stage 14. At the stage 15, the nasal pit was formed. At the stage 16, the nasal sac and nasal fin were observed. At the stage 17, the oronasal membrane was formed by thinning of the nasal fin. At the stage 18, the primitive choana was established by rupture of the oronasal membrane. At the stage 19, the lateral palatine process projected vertically below the level of the tongue. The cartilaginous nasal capsule was formed at the stage 20. At the stage 21, the olfactory area was localized to the upper portion of the lateral nasal wall and the nasal septum. At the stage 22, the lateral palatine process developed in a somewhat horizontal orientation. At the stage 23, the premaxilla and primitive choana were formed. CONCLUSION: The development of the nose is most active from the Carnegie stage of 13 to 19, which corresponds to the end of the 4th embryonic week to the end of the 7th week. Thus, this period is considered to be the most important period in human nasal embryonic development.
Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Humans* ; Membranes ; Nasal Septum ; Nose* ; Pregnancy ; Rupture ; Tongue

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to understand the principle of percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PNL), toincrease its success rate, and to base the radiologic approach on preoperative interventional tract dilatation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients(male, 19, female, 7) with staghorn or pelviocalyceal calculi who hadundergone PNL were included in this study. After percutaneous nephrostomy(PCN) was performed in each patient, thetract was dilated to 30F with Amplatz dilators using coaxial techniques or a 30F, 10cm high-pressure tractdilatation balloon. One day before the calculi were fragmented and removed by PNL, a 30F Amplatz sheath wasinserted under local anesthesia. The time required for tract dilatation, complications, and surgery was analyzed. RESULTS: Percutaneous tract dilatation were successful in all patients, and forceps, a nephrolithotome and anephroscope were successfully introduced into the pelvocalyceal system. The average procedure time was 19.5minutes ; a double J stent was replaced in the pelvocalyceal system of 13 of 26 patients (50%) ; because ofimproper catheter direction or/and bleeding, the Amplatz sheath was replaced in three. After PNL, complicationsinvolving renal hematoma occurred in one patient. This did not affect the patient's prognosis, however. CONCLUSION:Owing to its short procedure time and low complication rate, interventional preoperative tract dilatation forPNL is thought to be an effective technique for patients with staghorn or pelvocalceal calculi.
Anesthesia, Local ; Calculi ; Catheters ; Dilatation* ; Female ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Nephrostomy, Percutaneous* ; Prognosis ; Stents ; Surgical Instruments

BACKGROUND: To investigate the mechanisms of myocardial ischemia induced changes of electrophysiological properties, influences of various ischemic-simulated Tyrode's solutions on the changes of action potential characteristics were examined. METHOD: Action potential characteristics were measured during superfusion with various ischemic-simulated solutions (modified physiologic salt solution: MPSS) by the method of conventional microelectrode technique in rat atrial fibers. RESULTS: Hypoxic-, hyperkalemic-, and mixed-MPSS decreased 'maximum diastolic potential' (MDP) and 'action potential amplitude' (APA), however, no significant changes of MDP and APA were observed by acidic- and glucose-free-MPSS. 'Maximum velocity of phase 0 depolarization' (dV/dt(max)) and 'time for 90% repolarization' (APD90) significantly decreased during hypoxic- and mixed-MPSS superfusion, and hyperkalemic-MPSS also decreased the dV/dt(max) and APD90. However, no significant changes in dV/dt(max) and APD90 were observed by acidic- and glucose-free-MPSS. The decreasing effects of dV/dt(max) and APD90 by the MPSSes were attenuated when the MPSSes were replaced with normal Tyrode's solution. DPCPX (2x10(-6)M), a purinergic antagonist, inhibited the decreasing effects of APD90 at 5, 10, and 20 min superfusion of the mixed-MPSS, and glibenclamide (10(-6)M), a K(ATP) channel blocker, inhibited those at 10 and 20 min superfusion of the mixed-MPSS. Diclofenac (10(-6)M), a cyclooxygenase inhibitor inhibited only those at 20 min superfusion of the mixed-MPSS. CONCLUSION: The primary factors for changing the electrophysiological characteristics during ischemic insults could be hypoxia and high-extracellular K+, and the mechanisms of the electrophysiological changes are inferred that adenosine through purinoceptors is involved initially, and followed by K(ATP) channel and prostanoids.
Action Potentials* ; Adenosine ; Animals ; Anoxia ; Diclofenac ; Glyburide ; Ischemia ; Microelectrodes ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Prostaglandins ; Rats* ; Receptors, Purinergic

PURPOSE: To compare preoperative and postoperative ocular biometry in patients with iris-fixated phakic intraocular lens (pIOLs): Artisan and Artiflex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 40 eyes with Artisan and 36 eyes with Artiflex pIOL implants. Anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) were measured by applanation ultrasonography (A-scan) and partial coherence interferometry (IOLMaster) preoperatively and 3 months after pIOL implantation. RESULTS: ACD measurements after Artisan or Artiflex pIOL implantation were smaller than preoperative measurements. Specifically, the difference after Artisan pIOL implantation was -1.07+/-0.17 mm by A-scan and -0.08+/-0.08 mm by IOLMaster. The difference after Artiflex pIOL implantation was -1.31+/-0.15 mm by A-scan and -0.05+/-0.07 mm by IOLMaster. After Artisan pIOL implantation, differences in AL measurements by A-scan were insignificant (difference: -0.03+/-0.15 mm), whereas postoperative AL measurements by IOLMaster were significantly longer than preoperative measurements (difference: 0.12+/-0.07 mm). After Artiflex pIOL implantation, AL measurements by both A-scan and IOLMaster were significantly longer than preoperative measurements (difference: 0.09+/-0.16 mm by A-scan and 0.07+/-0.10 mm by IOLMaster). In the Artiflex group, differences in AL measurements by A-scan correlated with the central thickness of the Artiflex pIOL. CONCLUSION: ACD and AL measurements were influenced by iris-fixated phakic IOL implantation.
Adult ; Biometry ; Eye/ultrasonography ; Female ; Humans ; Interferometry ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular/*adverse effects ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postoperative Complications

The authors describe two cases of simultaneous bilateral hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage which occurred among 440 patients treated for hypertensive intracerebral hematomas between 1991 and 1996. One patient was a 59-year-old male with bilateral putaminal hemorrhages, and the other was an 82-year-old female with bilateral thalamic hemorrhages; both underwent conservative treatment. The male was discharged with mild facial palsy but the female remained in a vegetative state for over three months. The locations of bilateral hematomas with a chronic history of hypertension suggest that in the pathogenesis of this condition, a subtle degenerative process, caused by hypertension may be active. The literature pertaininig to the pathogenesis of simultaneous multiple intracerebral hematomas is briefly reviewed.
Aged, 80 and over ; Facial Paralysis ; Female ; Hematoma ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive* ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Persistent Vegetative State

Authors report two cases of central neurocytoma with unusual surgical pitfall. The one of these presented with postoperative intraventricular hemorrhage with hydrocephalus. The other case developed motor aphasia and hemiplegia due to brain retration during operation. We describe peripoerative courses of these cases and discuss possible causes of postoperative complications.
Aphasia, Broca ; Brain ; Hemiplegia ; Hemorrhage ; Hydrocephalus ; Neurocytoma ; Postoperative Complications

We describe the case of a 19-year-old mentally challenged woman who developed jejuno-jejunal fistula following ingestion of a magnetic necklace. This case report demonstrates the necessity of prompt treatment when the ingested intestinal foreign body is suspected to be multiple magnets, even if there are no sharp edges; and even when it seems the object could be evacuated spontaneously. Ingested magnets are capable of attracting each other across the bowel wall, leading to serious intestinal complications such as pressure necrosis, perforation, fistula formation, or intestinal obstruction.
Eating ; Female ; Fistula ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Intestinal Fistula ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Magnetics ; Magnets ; Necrosis ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficacy of a computerized visual acuity test, the SNU visual acuity test for children. METHODS: Fifty-six children, ranging from 1 to 5 years of age, were included. In a dark room, children gazed at and followed a circular dot with 50% contrast moving at a fixed velocity of 10 pixels/sec on a computer monitor. Eye movement was captured using a charge coupled device camera and was expressed as coordinates on a graph. Movements of the eye and dot were superimposed on a graph and analyzed. Minimum visualized dot diameters were compared to the Teller visual acuity. RESULTS: Ten eyes (8.9%) of six children failed to perform the Teller visual acuity test, and two eyes (1.8%) of one patient failed to perform the SNU visual acuity test. The observed Teller visual acuity and SNU visual acuity were significantly correlated (p < 0.001). Visual angle degrees converted from the Teller visual acuity and SNU visual acuity were also significantly correlated (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The SNU visual acuity using moving targets correlated well with Teller visual acuity and was more applicable than the Teller acuity test. Therefore, the SNU visual acuity test has potential clinical applications for children.
Child, Preschool ; Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/*methods ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Prospective Studies ; Vision Disorders/*diagnosis ; Vision Tests/*methods ; *Visual Acuity

Aretrospective study on operative results was carried out in a series of 164 patients who were performed by microdiscectomy and 57 patients by automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy(APLD) for herniated lumbar discs between January 1, 1990 and June 30, 1996. The operative results were analysed, and the correlation between preoperative clinicoradiological factors and postoperative clinical results were statistically assessed. The major results were as follows: 1) Of 164 microdiscectomy cases, 102 were males and 62 were females, mean age was 42.4 years and incidence was the highest in the 5th decade. Among 57 APLD cases, 43 were males and 14 females, mean age 32.2 years, and the highest incidence in the 3rd decade. 2) The preoperative symptoms and signs in microdiscectomy and APLD cases were lumbago(98.2% vs 98.2%), radiating pain(96.3% vs 98.2%), positive straight leg raising test(77.4% vs 70.2%), motor weakness(27.4% vs 17.5%), claudication(13.4% vs 0%) and voiding difficulty(2.4% vs 0%). 3) Number of operated levels were 226 in microdiscectomy and 74 in APLD. The most commonly operated levels in both groups were L4-5. 4) Operative results. (1) The overall success rates by Prolo's scale were 87.1% in microdiscectomy and 80.7% in APLD, respectively. (2) In younger age group(below 30 years) and in non-compensatory group, success rates were significantly higher in microdiscectomy(100%, 89.9% vs 76.7%, 62.5% respectively). (3) As to protrusion and degeneration on MRI, a clinical result, from patients with mild to moderate protrusion and degeneration of discs was significantly better in microdiscectomy group, and that of mild protrusion and degeneration of discs in APLD group was significantly better. (4) The most common cause of failure was inadequately removed disc material in microdiscectomy cases and operated for sequestered discs in APLD cases. There results indicate that there were no differance in overall success rates between microdiscectomy and APLD. But it should be emphasized that clinical results may have been influenced by age, existence of compensation, and the degree of protrusion and degeneration of discs as prognostic factors. The authors believe that if the selection of operative procedure is carefully decided with details of clinical and radiologic findings of the patients, a good outcome can be expected.
Compensation and Redress ; Diskectomy, Percutaneous* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leg ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Surgical Procedures, Operative