Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Risk Factors

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease in preterm infants. Despite significant progress in the understanding of its etiology, mechanisms, prevention, and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. BPD not only has a high mortality rate but also causes persistent respiratory, neurological, and cardiovascular impairments in survivors. The author's team has successfully prevented the occurrence of BPD by managing neonatal lung diseases under lung ultrasound monitoring for nearly 7 years, opening up a new approach in BPD prevention. This article provides a brief overview of the approach, aiming to facilitate further research and provide more scientifically sound management strategies to prevent or minimize the occurrence of BPD.
Infant, Newborn ; Infant ; Humans ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/prevention & control* ; Infant, Premature ; Ultrasonography ; Thorax

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease due to impaired pulmonary development and is one of the main causes of respiratory failure in preterm infants. Preterm infants with BPD have significantly higher complication and mortality rates than those without BPD. At present, comprehensive management is the main intervention method for BPD, including reasonable respiratory and circulatory support, appropriate enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition, application of caffeine/glucocorticoids/surfactants, and out-of-hospital management after discharge. The continuous advances in stem cell medicine in recent years provide new ideas for the treatment of BPD. Various pre-clinical trials have confirmed that stem cell therapy can effectively prevent lung injury and promote lung growth and damage repair. This article performs a comprehensive analysis of the mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of BPD, so as to provide a basis for clinical applications.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/prevention & control* ; Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Lung ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Inflammation ; complications ; Lung ; pathology ; Respiration, Artificial ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo study the efficacy of different preparations of budesonide combined with pulmonary surfactant (PS) in improving blood gas levels and preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS).

METHODSA total of 184 preterm infants who developed NRDS within 4 hours after birth were randomly administered with PS + continuous inhalation of budesonide aerosol (continuous aerosol group), PS+budesonide solution (solution group), PS + single inhalation of budesonide aerosol (single aerosol group), and PS alone, with 46 neonates in each group. The changes in arterial blood gas levels, rate of invasive mechanical ventilation after treatment, time of assisted ventilation, rate of repeated use of PS, and the incidence of BPD were compared between the four groups.

RESULTSOn the 2nd to 4th day after treatment, pH, PCO2, and oxygenation index (FiO2/PaO2) showed significant differences among the four groups, and the continuous aerosol group showed the most improvements of all indicators, followed by the solution group, single aerosol group, and PS alone group. The continuous aerosol group had a significantly shorter time of assisted ventilation than the other three groups (P<0.05). The solution group had a significantly shorter time of assisted ventilation than the single aerosol and PS alone groups (P<0.05). The rate of invasive mechanical ventilation after treatment, rate of repeated use of PS, and incidence of BPD showed significant differences among the four groups (P<0.05), and the continuous aerosol group had the lowest rates, followed by the solution group.

CONCLUSIONSA combination of PS and continuous inhalation of budesonide aerosol has a better efficacy in the treatment of NRDS than a combination of PS and budesonide solution. The difference in reducing the incidence of BDP between the two administration methods awaits further investigation with a larger sample size.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; prevention & control ; Budesonide ; administration & dosage ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; administration & dosage ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; drug therapy

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; prevention & control ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide ; administration & dosage ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; administration & dosage ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; therapy

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the few diseases affecting premature infants that have continued to evolve since its first description about half a century ago. The current form of BPD, a more benign and protracted respiratory failure in extremely preterm infants, is in contrast to the original presentation of severe respiratory failure with high mortality in larger premature infants. This new BPD is end result of complex interplay of various antenatal and postnatal factors causing lung injury and subsequent abnormal repair leading to altered alveolar and vascular development. The change in clinical and pathologic picture of BPD over time has resulted in new challenges in developing strategies for its prevention and management. While some of these strategies like Vitamin A supplementation, caffeine and volume targeted ventilation have stood the test of time, others like postnatal steroids are being reexamined with great interest in last few years. It is quite clear that BPD is unlikely to be eliminated unless some miraculous strategy cures prematurity. The future of BPD prevention will probably be a combination of antenatal and postnatal strategies acting on multiple pathways to minimize lung injury and abnormal repair as well as promote normal alveolar and vascular development.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; prevention & control ; Caffeine ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Oxygen ; therapeutic use ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; therapeutic use ; Respiration, Artificial

OBJECTIVETo study the clinical effect and safety of early postnatal application of glucocorticoids in the prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants.

METHODSThe databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP were comprehensively searched for articles on early postnatal application of glucocorticoids in the prevention of BPD in preterm infants published up to June 2016. Review Manager 5.3 was used for the Meta analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTSA total of 2 962 participants were enrolled in the 16 RCTs, with 1 486 patients in the trial group and 1 476 in the control group. The Meta analysis showed that early postnatal application of glucocorticoids reduced the incidence rate of BPD at a corrected gestational age of 36 weeks (OR=0.73, 95%CI: 0.61-0.87, P=0.0004), but there was an increase in the risk of hyperglycemia (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.24-2.09, P=0.0003), hypertension (OR=1.63, 95%CI: 1.11-2.38, P=0.01), and intestinal perforation (OR=1.51, 95%CI: 1.12-2.04, P=0.007).

CONCLUSIONSAt present, it is not recommended to use glucocorticoids to prevent BPD in preterm infants. Its advantages and disadvantages need further studies, with special focuses on the adverse effects of hyperglycemia, hypertension, and intestinal perforation.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; prevention & control ; Glucocorticoids ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; chemically induced ; Hypertension ; chemically induced ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intestinal Perforation ; chemically induced

Adrenal Cortex Hormones ; therapeutic use ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; diagnosis ; etiology ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Nitric Oxide ; administration & dosage ; Oxygen ; blood ; Respiration, Artificial

OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy and safety of early intratracheal administration of budesonide combined with pulmonary surfactant (PS) in preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial was designed. A total of 122 infants with a high risk of BPD who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January to July 2021 were enrolled. The infants were randomly divided into a conventional treatment group with 62 infants (treated with PS alone at an initial dose of 200 mg/kg, followed by a dose of 100 mg/kg according to the condition of the infant) and an observation group with 60 infants (treated with PS at the same dose as the conventional treatment group, with the addition of budesonide 0.25 mg/kg for intratracheal instillation at each time of PS application). The two groups were compared in terms of the times of PS use, ventilator parameters at different time points, oxygen inhalation, incidence rate and severity of BPD, incidence rate of complications, and tidal breathing pulmonary function at the corrected gestational age of 40 weeks. RESULTS: Compared with the conventional treatment group, the observation group had a significantly lower proportion of infants using PS for two or three times (P<0.05). Compared with the conventional treatment group, the observation group had a significantly lower fraction of inspired oxygen at 24 and 48 hours and 3, 7, and 21 days after administration, significantly shorter durations of invasive ventilation, noninvasive ventilation, ventilator application, and oxygen therapy, a significantly lower incidence rate of BPD, and a significantly lower severity of BPD (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of glucocorticoid-related complications between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with PS use alone in preterm infants with a high risk of BPD, budesonide combined with PS can reduce repeated use of PS, lower ventilator parameters, shorten the duration of respiratory support, and reduce the incidence rate and severity of BPD, without increasing the incidence rate of glucocorticoid-related complications.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/prevention & control* ; Budesonide ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Prospective Studies ; Pulmonary Surfactants/therapeutic use* ; Respiration, Artificial ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn/therapy*