With the development of treatment, the survival rate of premature infants has significantly increased, especially extremely premature infants and very low birth weight infants. This has led to an increase in incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) year by year. BPD has been one of the most common respiratory system diseases in premature infants, especially the small premature infants. Arrested alveolar development is an important cause of BPD. Therefore, the mechanism of arrested alveolar development and the intervention measures for promoting alveolar development are the focuses of research on BPD. Selecting the appropriate animal model of BPD is the key to obtaining meaningful results in the basic research on BPD. Based on above, several common methods for establishing an animal model of BPD and the corresponding changes in pathophysiology are summarized and evaluated in order to provide a reference for selecting the appropriate animal model in studies on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and prevention and control strategies of BPD.
Animals ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Hyperoxia ; complications ; Respiration, Artificial ; adverse effects

Animals ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; Fibroblasts ; physiology ; Humans ; Hyperoxia ; pathology ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; embryology ; pathology

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lung ; pathology ; physiology ; physiopathology ; Respiration, Artificial ; adverse effects ; methods ; trends

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; prevention & control ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the association of early nutrition intake with the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and Weipu Periodical Database were searched for the observational studies on the association between early nutrition intake and BPD. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform a Meta analysis of eligible studies. RESULTS: Eight observational studies were included, with 548 infants with BPD and 522 infants without BPD. The Meta analysis showed that the BPD group had a significantly lower caloric intake than the non-BPD group within the first week after birth and in the first 2 weeks after birth ( CONCLUSIONS Early nutrition deficiency may be associated with the development of BPD, and more attention should be paid to enteral feeding of infants at a high risk of BPD to achieve total enteral feeding as soon as possible.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/etiology* ; China ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Malnutrition ; Parenteral Nutrition

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has the main manifestations of pulmonary edema in the early stage and characteristic alveolar obstruction and microvascular dysplasia in the late stage, which may be caused by structural and functional destruction of the lung epithelial barrier. The Claudin family is the main component of tight junction and plays an important role in regulating the permeability of paracellular ions and solutes. Claudin-18 is the only known tight junction protein solely expressed in the lung. The lack of Claudin-18 can lead to barrier dysfunction and impaired alveolar development, and the knockout of Claudin-18 can cause characteristic histopathological changes of BPD. This article elaborates on the important role of Claudin-18 in the development and progression of BPD from the aspects of lung epithelial permeability, alveolar development, and progenitor cell homeostasis, so as to provide new ideas for the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of BPD.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/etiology* ; Claudin-3 ; Claudins/genetics* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Lung ; Tight Junctions

Late-onset hyponatremia (LOH), hyponatremia occurring after two weeks of age with the achievement of full feeding, is the result of a negative sodium balance caused by inadequate salt intake or excessive salt loss due to immature renal or intestinal function in preterm infants. The aims of our study were to identify the risk factors for LOH and its influence on neonatal outcomes. This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 161 preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation between June 2009 and December 2010 at Seoul National University Hospital. LOH was defined as a sodium level < or = 132 mEq/L or 133-135 mEq/L with oral sodium supplementation. LOH occurred in 49 (30.4%) of the studied infants. A lower gestational age, a shorter duration of parenteral nutrition, the presence of respiratory distress syndrome, the use of furosemide, and feeding with breast milk were significant risk factors for LOH. In terms of neonatal outcomes, the infants with LOH had longer hospital stays and higher risks of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgery. LOH lasting at least 7 days significantly increased moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, periventricular leukomalacia, and extra-uterine growth retardation. LOH is commonly observed in preterm infants; it may be a risk factor for bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy of prematurity or a marker of illness severity.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/etiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Hyponatremia/*etiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; pathology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Inflammation ; complications ; Lung ; pathology ; Respiration, Artificial ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the importance of breastfeeding in preterm infants with various gestational ages.

METHODSA total of 639 preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-36weeks were enrolled, and according to the feeding pattern, they were divided into exclusive breastfeeding group (n=237) and formula milk feeding group (fed with liquid milk for preterm infants; n=402). These two feeding patterns were compared in terms of their effects on weight gain, laboratory markers including albumin (Alb) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), incidence rate of feeding intolerance, and incidence rates of complications including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

RESULTSCompared with the formula milk feeding group, the breastfeeding group had a significantly faster increase in body weight, a significantly lower incidence rate of NEC, a significantly higher ALP level, and a significantly lower Alb level in the preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-30 weeks (P<0.05); there were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence rates of anemia, ROP, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), and nosocomial infection and length of hospital stay (P>0.05). For the preterm infants with a gestational age of 31-33 weeks, the breastfeeding group had a significantly faster increase in body weight, a significantly lower incidence rate of feeding intolerance, a significantly shorter length of hospital stay, and a significantly higher ALP level (P<0.05); there were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence rates of NEC, anemia, ROP, BPD, and nosocomial infection and the Alb level (P>0.05). For the preterm infants with a gestational age of 34-36 weeks, there were no significant differences in these indices between the two groups (P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONSBreastfeeding plays an important role in increasing body weight, reducing the incidence rates of feeding intolerance and NEC, and shortening the length of hospital stay in preterm infants with a gestational age of 28-33 weeks.

Breast Feeding ; Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; etiology ; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Retinopathy of Prematurity ; etiology

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIH) on complications in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants.

METHODSThe VLBW preterm infants were enrolled as research subjects, and according to the presence or absence of PIH in their mothers, they were divided into PIH group and non- PIH group. The incidence of major complications and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences between the two groups in gestational age, birth weight, sex, incidence rate of maternal diabetes, and use of antepartum hormone. The PIH group had a significantly higher rate of birth of small-for-gestational-age infants than the non-PIH group. The PIH group had a significantly lower incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) than the non-PIH group, while there were no significant differences between the two groups in the incidence rates of apnea of prematurity, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and intraventricular hemorrhage-periventricular leukomalacia, and the length of hospital stay. There was no significant difference in the incidence rate of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome between the two groups, but the PIH group had a significantly lower proportion of infants who used pulmonary surfactant than the non-PIH group.

CONCLUSIONSPIH can alleviate respiratory complications and reduce the use of pulmonary surfactant and the incidence rate of BPD in preterm infants.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced ; Incidence ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight ; Pregnancy ; Pulmonary Surfactants ; therapeutic use ; Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn ; epidemiology