No abstract available.
Bronchoconstriction

No abstract available.
Bronchoconstriction ; Nitric Oxide

The goal of asthma treatment is to achieve and maintain clinical asthma control state and normal or near-normal lung function. Medications to treat asthma can be classified as controllers and relievers. Controller medications are taken daily on a long-term basis to keep asthma under clinical control, and reliever medications are used on an as-needed basis, which act quickly to reverse bronchoconstriction and relieve the asthma symptoms. Inhaled therapy is the cornerstone of asthma treatment for children of all ages, but the choice of medication should be individualized for each patient. The choice of medication should include consideration of the efficacy of drug delivery, cost, safety, ease of use, convenience, and documentation of its use in the patient's age group.
Asthma* ; Bronchoconstriction ; Child ; Humans ; Lung

No abstract available.
Asthma* ; Asthma, Exercise-Induced ; Bronchoconstriction* ; Child* ; Humans

BACKGROUNDS: When measuring lung function and response to bronchodilator, MDI(metered-dose inhaler) is commonly used but unfamiliarity of its use and cold sensation by the puffed gas decrease reliability of the result. Spacer can reduce the cold freon effect and undesired oropharyngeal deposition caused by the rapid evaporation of the propellant and there are many studies which showed more effectiveness of spacer on the treatment of children with asthma but no study whether it is effective on the bronchodilator response test in the first medical examination of old age. Therefore, we tested whether the use of spacer can reduce the cold freon effect and improve the bronchodilator response in the first medical examination of old age. METHODS: Two hundred of elderly patients( 65years) who had never used MDI were measured the bronchodilator response. Subjects were randomised to either spacer-user or spacer-nonuser. Twenty minutes after 400 g fenoterol was administered, FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second) was measured. Bronchoconstriction was defined as a decrease in FEV1 by 10% or greater after bronchodilator inhalation. We further devided each group into normal or obstructive group, obstructive group was defined as FEV1<80% of predicted and FEV1/FVC<70%. RESULTS: In normal group, spacer-user(n=83) showed greater bronchodilator response than spacer-nonuser(n=66), 6.43% vs 3.81% respectively(p<0.05) and two case of bronchoconstriction occured only in spacer-nonuser. In obstructive group, there is no significant difference in bronchodilator response between spacer-user(n=18) and spacer-nonuser(n=33), 12.32% vs 11.16% respectively(p>0.05) but brochoconstriction(n=1) occured only in spacer-nonuser. CONCLUSION: Spacer improved bronchodilator response and prevented bronchoconstriction, in the first medical examination of old age.
Aged ; Asthma ; Bronchoconstriction ; Child ; Chlorofluorocarbons ; Fenoterol ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Lung ; Sensation

BACKGROUND: Exercise is one of the most common precipitants of acute asthma encountered in clinical practice. The development of airflow limitation that occurs several minutes after vigorous exercise, i. g. exercise-induced bronchoconstriction(EIB), has been shown to be closely correlated with the nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness, which is the hallmark of bronchial asthma. All previous reports that assessed the correlation of EIB to nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness have focused on airway sensitivity(PC20) to inhaled bronchoconstrictor such as methacholine or histamine. However, maximal airway narrowing(MAN), reflecting the extent to which the airways can narrow, when being exposed to high dose of inhaled stimuli, has not been studied in relation to the degree of EIB. METHODS: Fifty-six children with mild asthma(41 boys and 15 girls), aged 6 to 15 years(mean +/- SD, 9.9 +/- 2.5 years) completed this study. Subjects attended the laboratory on two consecutive days. Each subject performed the high-dose methacholine inhalation test at 4 p.m. on the first day. The dose-response curves were characterized by their position(PC20) and MAN, which was defined as maximal response plateau(MRP: when two or three data points of the highest concentrations fell within a 5% response range) or the last of the data points(when a plateau could not be measured). On the next day, exercise challenge, free running outdoors for ten minutes, was performed at 9 a.m.. FEV1 was measured at graduated intervals, 3 to 10 minutes apart, until 60 minutes after exercise. Response(the maximal DeltaFEV1 from the pre-exercise value) was classified arbitrarily into three groups; no response ((-) EIB: DeltaFEV1 <10%), equivocal response ((+/-)EIB:10% < DeltaFEV1, <20%) and definite response((+) EIB: DeltaFEV1 >20%). RESULTS: 1) When geometric mean PC20 of the three groups were compared, PC20 of (+) EIB group was significantly lower than that of (-)EIB group. 2) There was a close correlation between PC20 and the severity of EIB in the whole group(r= -0.568, p<0.01). 3) Of the total 56 subjects, MRP could be measured in 36 subjects, and the MRP of these subjects correlated fairly with the severity of EIB(r= 0.355, p<0.05) 4) The MAN of (+) EIB group was significantly higher than that of (-)EIB group(p<0.01). 5) The MAN correlated well with the severity of EIB in the whole group(r=0.546, p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The degree of MAN as well as bronchial sensitivity (PC2o) to methacholine is correlated well with the severity of EIB. The results suggest that the two main components of airway hyperresponsiveness may be equally important determinants of exercise reactivity, although the mechanism may be different from each other. The present study also provides further evidence that EIB is a manifestation of the increased airway reactivity characteristic of bronchial asthma.
Asthma ; Bronchoconstriction* ; Child ; Histamine ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Methacholine Chloride* ; Running

BACKGROUND: Bronchodilation effect of propofol was known that it could prevent bronchoconstriction induced by fentanyl administration. The aim of this study was to investigate the dosage of propofol that inhibited cough reflex induced from fentanyl. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients were randomly allocated to four groups: Group 1 (n=30, fentanyl 3 microgram/kg), Group 2 (n=30, propofol 0.5 mg/kg, fentanyl 3 microgram/kg), Group 3 (n=30, propofol 1 mg/kg, fentanyl 3 microgram/kg), Group 4 (n=30, propofol 2 mg/kg, fentanyl 3 microgram/kg). Patients in Group 1 were injected fentanyl within a second. Other patients groups were injected fentanyl two minutes after administration of propofol dosage, respectively. We checked cough response, oxygen desaturation and chest wall rigidity. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the incidence of cough response between Group 1 and 2. But, the incidence of Group 3 and 4 was significantly lower than in Group 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS: Propofol of clinical doses for anesthetic induction inhibit cough reflex induced from fentanyl.
Bronchoconstriction ; Cough* ; Fentanyl* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Oxygen ; Propofol* ; Reflex* ; Thoracic Wall

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is defined as transient, reversible bronchoconstriction that develops after strenuous exercise. If exercise is the only identified trigger for bronchoconstriction, it is called EIB. However, when it is associated with known asthma, then it is defined as EIB with asthma. The role of atopy in the pathogenesis of EIB has not been determined. In this issue of the journal, Kim et al. reported that atopy was a risk factor for EIB in young adult male patients, and sensitization to house dust mites was associated with EIB. This report shed a new light on the pathogenesis of EIB. However, additional large and confirmatory studies should be required to determine the possible association between atopy and EIB.
Asthma ; Bronchoconstriction ; Humans ; Light ; Male ; Pyroglyphidae ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is defined as transient, reversible bronchoconstriction that develops after strenuous exercise. If exercise is the only identified trigger for bronchoconstriction, it is called EIB. However, when it is associated with known asthma, then it is defined as EIB with asthma. The role of atopy in the pathogenesis of EIB has not been determined. In this issue of the journal, Kim et al. reported that atopy was a risk factor for EIB in young adult male patients, and sensitization to house dust mites was associated with EIB. This report shed a new light on the pathogenesis of EIB. However, additional large and confirmatory studies should be required to determine the possible association between atopy and EIB.
Asthma ; Bronchoconstriction ; Humans ; Light ; Male ; Pyroglyphidae ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Bronchoconstriction associated with aerosolized agents delivered by a metered dose inhaler (MDI) is relatively uncommon, but has been of particular interest. MATERIAL AND METHOD: In this study, we investigated to what extent the inert ingredients and propellants (freons) influence pulmonary function in 25 asthmatic patients. Forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV,) was measured by spirometry, Autospira HI 498(Chest, Japan) before and 1, 3, 5 and 10 minutes after the inhalation of saline control and MDI-placebo containing freons and inert ingredients. RESULT: Twenty four % (6/25) of asthmatics experienced a decrease in FEV20 by 10% or greater when compared to saline control. Number of positive cases in steroid dependent asthmatics is significantly higher compared to non-steroid dependent asthmatics. (p<0.05) Bronchoconstriction associated with the use of MDI-placebo appeared within 3 to 5 minutes and resolved spontaneouly at 10 minutes after the inhalation. CONCLUSION: The bronchoconstrictive response induced by MDI might be caused by the pro-pellants and/or the other inert ingredients contained in MDIs.
Bronchoconstriction ; Chlorofluorocarbons ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Metered Dose Inhalers ; Spirometry