This study investigated the toxicity of commercial non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eye solutions against corneal epithelial cells in vitro. The biologic effects of 1/100-, 1/50-, and 1/10-diluted bromfenac sodium, pranoprofen, diclofenac sodium, and the fluorometholone on corneal epithelial cells were evaluated after 1-, 4-, 12-, and 24-hr of exposure compared to corneal epithelial cell treated with balanced salt solution as control. Cellular metabolic activity, cellular damage, and morphology were assessed. Corneal epithelial cell migration was quantified by the scratch-wound assay. Compared to bromfenac and pranoprofen, the cellular metabolic activity of diclofenac and fluorometholone significantly decreased after 12-hr exposure, which was maintained for 24-hr compared to control. Especially, at 1/10-diluted eye solution for 24-hr exposure, the LDH titers of fluorometholone and diclofenac sodium markedly increased more than those of bromfenac and pranoprofen. In diclofenac sodium, the Na+ concentration was lower and amount of preservatives was higher than other NSAIDs eye solutions tested. However, the K+ and Cl- concentration, pH, and osmolarity were similar for all NSAIDs eye solutions. Bromfenac and pranoprofen significantly promoted cell migration, and restored wound gap after 48-hr exposure, compared with that of diclofenac or fluorometholone. At 1/50-diluted eye solution for 48-hr exposure, the corneal epithelial cellular morphology of diclofenac and fluorometholone induced more damage than that of bromfenac or pranoprofen. Overall, the corneal epithelial cells in bromfenac and pranoprofen NSAID eye solutions are less damaged compared to those in diclofenac, included fluorometholone as steroid eye solution.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage/*toxicity ; Benzophenones/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Benzopyrans/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Bromobenzenes/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Diclofenac/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Epithelium, Corneal/cytology/*drug effects/metabolism ; Fluorometholone/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Ophthalmic Solutions ; Propionates/administration & dosage/toxicity

PURPOSE: To compare the additive effects of two types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bromfenac 0.1% or ketorolac 0.45%, relative to topical steroid alone in cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 91 subjects scheduled to undergo cataract operation were randomized into three groups: Group 1, pre/postoperative bromfenac 0.1%; Group 2, pre/postoperative preservative-free ketorolac 0.45%; and Group 3, postoperative steroid only, as a control. Outcome measures included intraoperative change in pupil size, postoperative anterior chamber inflammation control, change in macular thickness and volume, and ocular surface status after operation. RESULTS: Both NSAID groups had smaller intraoperative pupil diameter changes compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was significantly less ocular inflammation 1 week and 1 month postoperatively in both NSAID groups than the control group. The changes in central foveal subfield thickness measured before the operation and at postoperative 1 month were 4.30+/-4.25, 4.87+/-6.03, and 12.47+/-12.24 microm in groups 1 to 3, respectively. In the control group, macular thickness and volume increased more in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), compared to those without DM. In contrast, in both NSAID groups, NSAIDs significantly reduced macular changes in subgroups of patients with or without DM. Although three ocular surface parameters were worse in group 1 than in group 2, these differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: Adding preoperative and postoperative bromfenac 0.1% or ketorolac 0.45% to topical steroid can reduce intraoperative miosis, postoperative inflammation, and macular changes more effectively than postoperative steroid alone.
Aged ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Benzophenones/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Bromobenzenes/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; *Cataract ; *Cataract Extraction ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation/prevention & control ; Ketorolac/*administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Lens Implantation, Intraocular ; Macular Edema/*prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Miosis/*prevention & control ; Phacoemulsification ; Postoperative Complications/drug therapy ; Postoperative Period ; Premedication ; Treatment Outcome