Maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding is one of the potential modifiable factors which is consistently linked with positive breastfeeding outcomes. This study aimed to develop a Malay translation of the original English BSES-SF and to conduct a validity and reliability assessment on both antenatal and postnatal questionnaires among 101 pregnant women in their third trimester and 104 women on their first week postpartum. The Malay translation of the English BSES-SF was conducted by using back-to-back translation processes, followed by validity and reliability evaluation. The validated Malay version of the questionnaire BSES-SF was then administered on the respondents. The questionnaire comprised of socio-demographic, antenatal, and breastfeeding information. Furthermore, data on infant feeding method were collected via telephone call made to the respondents at four weeks postpartum. The Cronbach’s Alpha value for antenatal BSES-SF questionnaire was0.94, while the value for postnatal BSES-SF questionnaire was 0.95. The factor analysis identified a one-dimensional structure which able to explain 59.02% of the variance for antenatal questionnaire and 60.43% of the variance for postnatal questionnaire. In addition, high antenatal and postnatal breastfeeding self-efficacy scores were significantly associated with the practice of exclusive breastfeeding at four weeks postpartum. As a conclusion, Both Malay versions of the antenatal and postnatal BSES-SF questionnaires are valid and reliable tools to assess breastfeeding self-efficacy among Malaysian mothers.
Malay Version ; breastfeeding ; breastfeeding self-efficacy

Infant feeding is thought to modulate cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. This possible association between patterns of feeding with development of cardiovascular disease later in life provides the opportunity for early intervention and prevention strategies. Among all the feeding methods applied, breastfeeding is thought to be the best method and is said to be attributable to future health benefits. However, current evidence from the literature is weak and inconsistent to advocate risk factors management. Therefore, this narrative review aims to provide current findings in assessing the association of breastfeeding pattern and risk of developing cardiovascular diseases later in life. We searched three databases (MEDLINE, PubMed and Google Scholar) from year 2000 to 11 July 2018. Findings on the association between breastfeeding and cardiovascular risk factors are equivocal, although positive trend of beneficial effects of breastfeeding in reducing risk of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood was reported in majority of the studies. Future research should address all limitations that were identified by previous studies such as bias of study design and heterogeneity of samples to establish the association between breastfeeding pattern and cardiovascular disease in later life.
Breastfeeding ; Cardiovascular diseases

INTRODUCTION: In the face of unchanging high rates of stunting among 12-23 months old Filipino babies, sustaining exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months old remains a challenge. This study determined the effect of a breastfeeding reminder system on breastfeeding. METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental study. Mothers were regularly given breastfeeding reminders by SMS and phone call. The weight, body length, episodes of upper respiratory tract infection and diarrhea were compared between the babies who were given exclusive breastfeeding and those whose exclusive breastfeeding was not sustained. Pearson Chi – square test and t-test at p=0.05 determined significance of differences of variables. RESULTS: From March- October 2020, there were 450 babies included in the study. Of these babies, 44.8% were given exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months. Timely initiation of breastfeeding was practiced by 91.95% of the mothers in the study. Babies who did not receive exclusive breastfeeding were shorter than those who received exclusive breastfeeding at 1 year old (70.11cm +2.78 vs.75.47cm +1.41, p<0.001) and at 2 years old (80.89 cm +2.30 vs. 87.29cm +1.47, p<0.001). At 2 years old, babies who received exclusive breastfeeding had no episodes of diarrhea and minimal (2%, p<0.001) episodes of acute respiratory infections. CONCLUSION Due to the implementation of the reminder system, the percentage of babies exclusively breastfed up to 6 months of age increased to 44%. This is a significant improvement compared to a previous study where only 29% of the babies were exclusively breastfed.At one and two years old, babies who were not exclusively breastfed had stunting, weighed less and had more infections (diarrhea and URTI).
exclusive breastfeeding ; infants ; stunting

BACKGROUND: Working status is identified as a major risk factor of poor breastfeeding practices among workers. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and factors associated with breastfeeding practice among white-collar and blue-collar workers in Indonesia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed in two factories and three government offices in Jakarta from December 2015 to February 2016. Subjects were woman workers whose children were age 6 to 24 months old and actively working in the factory and/or office. The factors studied were selected socio-demographic and occupational characteristics, score on knowledge and attitude, and breastfeeding practice during working hours. RESULTS: From a total of 192 subjects, 73% of white-collar workers had good knowledge on breastfeeding, in contrast with 55% of blue-collar workers who had not good breastfeeding knowledge (P < 0.001). Most of the subjects were conducting breast pumping during working hours, however 15% of white-collar workers and 17% of blue-collar workers never breastfeed nor breast pumped at work. Working status (P = 0.005) and knowledge (P = 0.002) were factors associated with breastfeeding practice among workers. CONCLUSION: White-collar workers have a better knowledge, attitude, and practice toward breastfeeding. Knowledge improvement related to breastfeeding benefits and supports to working mothers are a key priority, however advocacy to employers, managers, and supervisors in providing breastfeeding facilitation and program support were also critical to successful breastfeeding practice among workers.
Breast ; Breast Feeding ; Breast Milk Expression ; Child ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Mothers ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify the effects of self-breast pumping on breastfeeding rates and, the degree of breast milk fullness among primiparous women giving birth by cesarean section. METHODS: The study design was a non-synchronized posttest control group experiment with repeated measures. The participants were 60 women, 31 in the experimental group who used a manual pump 5 times a day after exclusive breastfeeding and 29 in the control group who breastfed exclusively with no other interventions. RESULTS: While self-breast pumping did not improve breastfeeding rates or the degree of breast milk fullness at any of the time points studied, breastfeeding rates continued to remain high till 12 weeks postpartum in both groups. Conclusion: Although some modifications in research methods will be required to identify the effects of breast pumping and exclusive breastfeeding, both these approaches can be used as interventions to improve breastfeeding rates and breast milk quantity.
Breast Feeding ; Breast Milk Expression ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation ; Milk, Human ; Parturition ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy

To determine changes in intraocular pressure before and after breastfeeding, 21 lactating mothers, aged 20 - 36 (mean age = 28), who delivered vaginally without complications, were studied.After instillation of topical anesthetics, the Tonopen was used to take the intraocular pressure (IOP) in millimeters Mercury (mm Hg) 1 hour prior to and immediately after breast-feeding.Three pressure readings were recorded and averaged in each determination.Using the paired T-test, a post-lactation increase in IOP of 0.6 +_ 3.1 mm Hg;(p=0.412) was noted on the right eye;an IOP increased of 2.3+_ 3.7 mm Hg;(p=0.010) was noted on the left eye.
Human ; Female ; Adult ; BREASTFEEDING ; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASUREMENT ; LACTATION ; OXYTOXIN

INTRODUCTION: Lactogenesis II (LaII) failure can be prevented in at-risk mothers with simple proactive interventions. In a randomised trial, we investigated the efficacy of early and regular breast milk expression in establishing LaII, using an electric double-breast pump. METHODS: Mothers with uncomplicated singleton deliveries were randomised to intervention (n = 31) or control (n = 29) groups. The former commenced breast milk expression with an electric pump within one hour of delivery and maintained regular expression with direct breastfeeding. Control mothers directly breastfed without regular pump expression. Expressed milk volumes were analysed for citrate, lactose, sodium and protein. RESULTS: Median time of LaII was Day 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 1 day) with intervention and on Day 4 (IQR 1 day) among controls (p = 0.03). Biochemical steady-state concentrations were achieved around early Day 4 (sodium, total protein) and Days 4-5 (citrate, lactose). Sodium, protein and lactose levels were similar in both groups over seven days, at 5.80 mM, 0.68 mM and -13.38 mM, respectively. Mean daily milk volume with intervention was 73.9 mL on Day 3 and 225.2 mL on Day 7, greater than controls (25.4 mL on Day 3 and 69.2 mL on Day 7; p < 0.2). Mean infant weights were similar on Day 8 at 3,477 g with intervention and 3,479 g among controls. CONCLUSION LaII is established by postnatal Day 3 with early initiation of regular breast milk expression, a useful intervention for mothers at risk of early-onset breastfeeding failure.
Adult ; Breast Feeding ; methods ; Breast Milk Expression ; methods ; Citrates ; analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant Formula ; Infant, Newborn ; Lactation ; physiology ; Milk, Human ; chemistry ; physiology ; Mothers ; Proteins ; analysis ; Sodium ; analysis ; Young Adult

The exclusive breastfeeding rate in Malaysia is very low. However in recent years the awareness of breastfeeding among mothers has increased. A preliminary qualitative research was carried out on these motivated mothers. The objective of this study was to understand the challenges encountered by breastfeeding mothers and to explore the support and motivation received by them. Information from the motivated mothers was obtained from focus group discussion. Some obstacles faced by the mothers were lack of knowledge on breastfeeding and lack of support from health professionals, parents and siblings. Facilities to express breast milk while at work were not readily available. The main motivation to breastfeed came from the mother herself and support from the husband. A holistic approach must be used to help mothers to continue breastfeeding. This includes breastfeeding promotion and education, setting up more Baby Friendly Hospitals, availability of breastfeeding support groups and provision of enough breastfeeding facilities at work and public places.
Breast Feeding

No abstract available.
Breast Feeding*

Objective: To determine the impact of Mother-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (MBFHI) implementation on the success of breastfeeding practices among patients who gave birth in a tertiary hospital. Methodology: Seventy-one postpartum patients who have no contraindications to breastfeeding were recruited from September-November 2017. Outcome variables regarding on the success of breastfeeding initiation on the first hour postpartum and hospital stay were measured. Participants were followed-up by phone call at 3 and 6-months postpartum to determine their practice on exclusive breastfeeding. Results: The exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates at first hour postpartum, during hospital stay, 3 and 6 months were 91.5%, 81.7%, 65.9%, and 45.5%, respectively. The participants who had cesarean delivery and vaginal delivery were 19 (26.8%) and 52 (73.2%) respectively. There was no significant association between the route of delivery and successful breastfeeding at first hour (p = 0.179). At first hour postpartum, majority of the infants who did not initiate breastfeeding was due to respiratory distress. At 6 months, only 39% (26 out of 66) did proper breastfeeding. There were 26 out of 66 (39%) subjects who have work at 6 months, and among these, 12 subjects were not able to collect and store milk due to unavailability of lactation clinic at their workplace. Overall, approximately half of the subjects who initiated EBF were not able to continue EBF until 6 months due to inadequate milk production and resumption of work. Conclusion Half of mothers exclusively breastfed up to 6 months, regardless of age, parity and route of delivery. The main determinants of EBF cessation at 6-month postpartum include inadequate milk production, resumption of work and inability to collect milk. To promote successful EBF among mothers in the Philippines, interventions should focus on strengthening the breastfeeding policy implementation in the workplace and communities to promote, protect and maintain breastfeeding.
Breast Feeding