No abstract available.
Breast Feeding* ; Breast* ; Statistics as Topic*

Breastfeeding is an ideal approach for physical and emotional development of babies, as well as recovery of mothers. A breastfeeding education for female students seems to be an effective intervention to increase the Korean women breastfeeding rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes, and other related breastfeeding variables for developing a design for a pre-parental breastfeeding educational information for Korean female students of childbearing age. The sample consisted of 205 Korean female college students, ranging in age from 20 to 25 years old. In this study, a self-administered questionnaire included 6 pages with close-ended multiple-choice questions, and included a cover page with 15 questions on demographic characteristics and personal experiences related to breastfeeding. Data analysis was done utilizing inferential statistics using SPSS 12.0 computer program. The findings indicated that breastfeeding education programs should focus on the practical aspect of attitudes toward breastfeeding, and that educational information design should focus on the practical aspects of breastfeeding for all levels of students' education by nurses. Therefore, education for female college students seems to be an effective intervention to increase breastfeeding rate. This study is useful for descriptions of educational activities to help female students develop positive attitudes to breastfeed, to help these students have confidence toward breast-feeding in future by providing correct information and practical techniques on breastfeeding.
Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Mothers ; Software ; Statistics as Topic ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: This study surveyed medical students attending clerkship to assess their attitude toward and knowledge about breastfeeding, and self-confidence to manage common breast-feeding problems. METHODS: A self-report questionnaire was administered to the 323 medical students at four medical colleges in Taegu in May 1997. The response rate was 92.9%, but the respondents used in the final data analysis were 245 (75.8%) due to missing variables. RESULTS: Overall, respondents showed equivocal attitudes toward breastfeeding (mean score 2.9 on a 6-point scale). Knowledge about breastfeeding was substantially low with the median % correct 39.2%. Of nine knowledge areas, weak areas were especially "contraindications and barriers to breastfeeding", "use of breastfeeding aids", "expression and storage of breast milk". Those reported to be confident to manage common breastfeeding problems were only 25.7%. Correlations between knowledge and self-confidence were not statistically significant except in college A (r=0.35, p<0.05). Correlations between knowledge and attitude were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that medical students attending clerkship in Taegu show equivocal attitudes toward breastfeeding, low self-confidence to manage common breastfeeding problems and have substantially limited level of knowledge. There should be more concerted efforts to improve this situation on the part of those involved in breastfeeding education.
Breast ; Breast Feeding* ; Daegu ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Humans ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Statistics as Topic ; Students, Medical

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the current feeding status of infants and young children under 2 years old in rural areas of Hubei province.

METHODSThe study was conducted by cluster random sampling from September 2009 to march 2010. The data on breastfeeding and complementary food supplement of the 1 197 infants and young children aged 0-23 months in 8 counties of Hubei province were collected through questionnaires. The feeding status was analyzed according to the WHO 2008 edition of Indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding practices.

RESULTSA total of 1 197 children aged 0-23 months were investigated. The rate of ever breastfeeding of children aged 0-23 months reached up to 93.9% (1 124/1 197), while the percentage of early initiation of breastfeeding was only 22.0% (263/1 197). The rates of exclusive breastfeeding under 6 months, continued breastfeeding for 1 year, and continued breastfeeding for 2 years were 72.1% (277/384), 17.0% (26/153) and 4.9% (7/144), respectively. The median time of giving complementary food was the 6th month and the weaning time was the 9th month. The rate of complementary food supplemented from 6th-8th month in time was 61.8% (444/718) . The rates of minimum dietary diversity, minimum meal frequency, minimum acceptable diet, and consumption of iron-rich or iron-fortified foods among children aged 6-23 months were 61.7% (502/813), 81.5% (663/813), 54.4% (442/813) and 50.1% (407/813), respectively.

CONCLUSIONLate initiation of breastfeeding, non-continued breastfeeding, giving complementary food too early or too late, inadequate category and frequency of complementary food, and the low rate of consumption of iron-rich or iron-fortified foods were the main issues to be concerned on infant feeding in rural areas of Hubei province.

Breast Feeding ; statistics & numerical data ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Diet Surveys ; statistics & numerical data ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; statistics & numerical data ; Rural Population ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weaning

PURPOSE: The study was done to construct and test a structural model to explain primipara breastfeeding behavior. METHODS: The participants were 213 primiparas on postpartum wards. Data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 and AMOS 19.0 programs. RESULTS: Fitness statistics for the hypothetical model were appropriate (chi2 =38.50, p=.070, GFI=.96, RMSEA=.05, AGFI=.93, NFI=.95, TLI=.97, CFI=.98, PNFI=.57, chi2/df=1.43). Breastfeeding behaviors were directly influenced by intention to breastfeed, perceived effectiveness of breastfeeding, and the amount of supplementary feeding. The amount of supplementary feeding had the largest direct impact on breastfeeding behavior. The largest total effect on breastfeeding behavior was intention to breastfeed. The environment of the maternity hospital indirectly influenced breastfeeding behavior. These factors explained 18.9% of variance in the primipara breastfeeding behavior. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that in order to promote primipara breastfeeding the amount of supplementary feeding immediately after the birth should be limited and an environment that encourages exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital should be provided. The results also suggest it is necessary to provide nursing interventions that increase the intention to breastfeed and the perceived effectiveness of breastfeeding.
Adult ; Bottle Feeding ; Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intention ; *Models, Structural ; Mothers/psychology ; Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the status of exclusive breastfeeding(EBF) and possible influencing factors during 0-7 days postpartum in China.

METHODSDuring 2011 to 2013, healthy mothers and neonates who were in the period of 0- 7 days postpartum from 8 provinces across different regions of China were recruited to take the questionnaire investigations and physical examinations. Information about socio-economic, pregnant, and delivery status, infant healthy situation and feeding indicators was collected to calculate the rate of exclusive breastfeeding during 0- 7 days postpartum and analyze the influencing factors.

RESULTSA total of 1 882 pairs of mothers and neonates were covered by this study. The rate of EBF was 13.3% (250 cases) during 0- 7 days postpartum. Bottle feeding (OR=0.08, 95% CI: 0.05- 0.12), the mothers themselves mixed fed at their 0-4 months old (OR=0.22, 95%CI: 0.08-0.58), the mothers who had used methods to stimulate milk secretion (OR=0.58, 95% CI: 0.35- 0.94) might decrease the EBF rate. Compared with the mothers who believed that their breast milk was not enough for their infants, the mothers who believed breastmilk was enough may increase the EBF rate (OR=6.04, 95%CI: 3.34-10.94). Comparing to the EBF rate of Beijing, Yunnan (OR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.04-0.24), and Gansu(OR=0.03,95%CI: 0.01-0.08) had lower EBF rate during 0-7 days postpartum. What's more, the EBF rate increased with the increasing neonates' age (OR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.16- 1.53).

CONCLUSIONThe EBF rate during 0- 7 days postpartum is still low in China and had significant differences in different regions. Suboptimal feeding knowledge and practices affected the EBF rate significantly.

Bottle Feeding ; Breast Feeding ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Breastfeeding has numerous benefits both for infants and mothers. WHO, UNICEF, and OECD report the breastfeeding rate (BR) and exclusive breastfeeding rate (EBR) at 3, 4, and 6 months of age for the international comparison. This article investigates the nationwide changes in BR and EBR in Korea from 1994 to 2012. EBR declined from 1994 to 2000, however progressively increased untill 2012. The latest data in 2012 revealed EBRs at 3, 4, and 6 months were 50.0%, 40.5%, and 11.4% respectively. The exclusive formula feeding rate (EFR) was highest in 2000 and gradually declined thereafter. In 2012, the EFRs at 3, 4 and 6 months were 21.7%, 26.5%, and 10.1%. In 2009, the EBRs at 3 and 6 months in the United States were 36.0% and 16.3% compared to 50.0% and 11.4% in Korea. In England, the EBRs were 17% and 12% in 2010. Amongst OECD countries, Hungary ranked highest EBRwith 95%, and Iceland, Norway, Slovak Republic, Australia, New Zealand followed. In conclusion, BRs were lowest in 2000, and there have been remarkable increases in BRs over the past 10 yr in Korea. Although BRs have been increasing, further efforts to increase BRs should be made continuously.
Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data/*trends ; Data Collection ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers ; Republic of Korea

OBJECTIVETo investigate the current status of exclusive breastfeeding for the second child in the context of the universal two-child policy and the factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding.

METHODSA self-designed questionnaire for the current status of breastfeeding and related factors influencing breastfeeding for the second child were used to survey 836 mothers with a second child, who were selected by cluster sampling, in Quzhou, Zhejiang, China.

RESULTSA total of 680 usable questionnaires were obtained. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding for the second child was significantly lower than for the first child (34.9% vs 42.2%; P<0.05). The univariate analysis revealed that there were significant differences between the exclusive and non-exclusive breastfeeding groups in the mother′s age, education background, occupation and time of maternity leave, mode of delivery of the first child, sex of the first child, feeding pattern of the first child, mode of delivery of the second child, whether the second child was admitted to the intensive care unit, whether the father supported breastfeeding, and whether the grandmother/maternal grandmother supported breastfeeding (P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that artificial feeding+partial breastfeeding for the first child (OR=12.286, P<0.05), cesarean section for the second child (OR=1.724, P<0.05), and having no breastfeeding support from the maternal grandmother (OR=1.651, P<0.05) were main factors for influencing exclusive breastfeeding.

CONCLUSIONSThe current status of exclusive breastfeeding for the second child is not optimistic in the context of the universal two-child policy. Education about breastfeeding should be taken seriously at the birth of the first child, the rate of cesarean section should be reduced, and the family members should support exclusive breastfeeding, in order to improve the status of exclusive breastfeeding.

Adult ; Breast Feeding ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy

OBJECTIVETo know the situation of breastfeeding of infants in western China rural areas.

METHODProbability proportional to size sampling was used in 45 projects counties 10 provinces in western China, and then totally 13 433 children who were under 3 years old were selected to investigate their feeding situation and health situation by questionnaire. SPSS software was used to carry on the statistical analysis.

RESULTSThe proportion of adding starch, egg, milk, bean, meat, vegetable and water was 75.3%, 58.4%, 39.0%, 26.4%, 42.7%, 52.0% and 93.4% respectively. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding of infant less than four months and six months was 16.0% and 2.5% respectively. The proportion of not adding starch, egg, milk, bean, meat, vegetable and water of infants who were one year old was 5.2%, 15.0%, 30.3%, 11.2%, 9.1%, 4.8% and 0.6% respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe rate of exclusive breastfeeding in western rural areas was still low and complementary feeding was still unreasonable.

Breast Feeding ; statistics & numerical data ; Child Care ; methods ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant, Newborn ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data

OBJECTIVETo investigate the nutrition status, breast feeding and complementary feeding among children under 2 years of age in Beijing.

METHODSA stratified cluster randomly sampling method was used. After having got the compliance a questionnaire survey was carried out to 422 children < 2 year-old in total 18 districts of Beijing.

RESULTSThe average infant birth weight was 3325 g, the rate of weight (2500 g and > or = 4000 g were 2.8% and 13.0% respectively. The rate of exclusive breast-feeding, partial breast-feeding, bottle-feeding of infant under 4 months was 56.6%, 33.9% and 9.5% respectively. The average weaning time was 7.4 months. The rate of complementary feeding of infant up to 6 months was 99.4%. The average ages for addition of complementary feeding such as cereal, vegetable and fruit, egg, oil, nutrients in rural areas were later than those in urban.

CONCLUSIONIt is important to promote breast feeding and improve complementary feeding by education and intervention.

Bottle Feeding ; statistics & numerical data ; Breast Feeding ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; statistics & numerical data ; Infant, Newborn ; Nutrition Surveys ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Urban Population ; statistics & numerical data