PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop a breastfeeding empowerment program and to investigate the effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program on self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding for primiparous women. METHODS: The 5 session breastfeeding empowerment program was developed and a non-equivalent control group non-synchronized quasi-experiment design was used. Fifty-five participants were assigned to either the experimental group (n=27) or the control group (n=28). Effects were tested using repeated measures ANOVA and χ²-test. RESULTS: Scores for self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding of in the experimental group after program were significantly higher than 1 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks scores in control group. CONCLUSION: The effects of the breastfeeding empowerment program for elevating self-efficacy, adaptation and continuation of breastfeeding in primiparous women were validated. Therefore, this program can be recommended for vigorous use in clinical practice.
Breast Feeding* ; Female ; Humans ; Power (Psychology)* ; Self Efficacy

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between breastfeeding empowerment and self-confidence in the maternal role of breastfeeding mothers. METHOD: Breastfeeding empowerment was measured on a scale of 5 developed by Kim & Park(2004), while self-confidence was measured on a scale of 4 by Lederman et al.(1981). Data was collected during a Breastfeeding Infant Contest held in September 2006 and 2007 in Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. The subjects were 278 breastfeeding mothers. The collected data was processed with the SPSS win 12.0 version. RESULT: Breastfeeding empowerment scored 4.21 on average (5.0 full score). The score showed a statistical difference only in breast milk quantity and breastfeeding knowledge. On the otherhand selfconfidence in the maternal role showed a statistical difference only in breastfeeding frequency and knowledge. Self-confidence in the maternal role showed a statistically significant relationship with breastfeeding skill(gamma=0.50), with breastfeeding will(gamma=0.45), with adherence to exclusive breastfeeding(gamma=0.35) and with group empowerment(gamma=0.39). CONCLUSION: The positive relationship between breastfeeding empowerment and self-confidence in the maternal role implies that breastfeeding empowerment may be utilized to promote self-confidence in the mother's role.
Breast Feeding ; Humans ; Infant ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Power (Psychology)

PURPOSE: The study was done to construct and test a structural model to explain primipara breastfeeding behavior. METHODS: The participants were 213 primiparas on postpartum wards. Data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 and AMOS 19.0 programs. RESULTS: Fitness statistics for the hypothetical model were appropriate (chi2 =38.50, p=.070, GFI=.96, RMSEA=.05, AGFI=.93, NFI=.95, TLI=.97, CFI=.98, PNFI=.57, chi2/df=1.43). Breastfeeding behaviors were directly influenced by intention to breastfeed, perceived effectiveness of breastfeeding, and the amount of supplementary feeding. The amount of supplementary feeding had the largest direct impact on breastfeeding behavior. The largest total effect on breastfeeding behavior was intention to breastfeed. The environment of the maternity hospital indirectly influenced breastfeeding behavior. These factors explained 18.9% of variance in the primipara breastfeeding behavior. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that in order to promote primipara breastfeeding the amount of supplementary feeding immediately after the birth should be limited and an environment that encourages exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital should be provided. The results also suggest it is necessary to provide nursing interventions that increase the intention to breastfeed and the perceived effectiveness of breastfeeding.
Adult ; Bottle Feeding ; Breast Feeding/*statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intention ; *Models, Structural ; Mothers/psychology ; Questionnaires ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to measure breastfeeding empowerment for the Korean mother, and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. METHOD: The items of instruments used was based on literature review. Nineteen item scales were developed with five domains. In order to test reliability and validity of the scale, data was collected from 99 mothers who were within 4weeks, postpatum and 88 mothers who had had children within 1 year. Data was collected between September 2nd and 24th by a self-reported questionnaire. RESULT: The results were as follows: As a result of factor analysis three times, 19 items were selected from the total of 24 items. Five factors evolved by factor analysis, which explained 65.7% of the total variance. The first factor 'breastfeeding skill' explained 34.1%, the 2nd factor 'group empowerment' 10.6%, the 3rd factor 'breastfeeding will' explained 7.8%, the 4th factor 'social policy empowerment' 7.0%, and the 5th factor 'adherence to exclusive breastfeeding' 6.2%. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of this scale was .8781. CONCLUSION: The study supports the reliability and validity of the scale. Because the main concept of breastfeeding empowerment was breastfeeding skill, there were distinct differences in the dimensions of breastfeeding empowerment scales.
Breast Feeding* ; Child ; Humans ; Mothers ; Power (Psychology)* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Reproducibility of Results ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to develop a breast feeding adaptation scale (BFAS) to evaluate adaptation to breastfeeding for breastfeeding mothers and their infants and to test the validity and reliability of the instrument. METHODS: The study was conducted as follows: application of the conceptual framework, identification of the content domains, items generation, and test of validity and reliability. In order to test validity and reliability, two panels of experts reviewed items and subcategories of the preliminary questionnaire and then data were collected from 329 mothers who were up to 4 weeks postpartum and breastfeeding. Descriptive statistics, t-test, factor analysis, and Cronbach's alpha were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The conceptual framework was based on the Roy adaptation model. The content domains were developed via literature review, review of instruments, and data acquired from the interviews of breastfeeding mothers and nurses. A total of 69 items belonging to 8 domains were generated. A reduction to 44 preliminary items was accomplished through content validity analysis. Factor analysis extracted 8 factors with a total of 27 items on a 5-point Likert scale. Content validity, construct validity, criterion validity, and reliability of the BFAS were established. CONCLUSION: The newly developed BFAS is a reliable and valid instrument with which the adaptation of breastfeeding mothers and their infants to the breastfeeding behavior can be evaluated.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Bottle Feeding ; Breast Feeding/*psychology ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Interviews as Topic ; Mothers/*psychology ; Program Development ; Questionnaires

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop an antepartum-postpartum breast-feeding program titled "Breast-feeding Empowerment Program" and to measure the effects of this program on breast-feeding empowerment and the rate of exclusive breast-feeding. METHODS: The study design was a nonequivalent control group design with repeated measures. RESULTS: The scores for breast-feeding empowerment of the experimental group (EG) were higher than those of the control group (CG) at week 1, 4, 8, 12. The rates for exclusive breast-feeding of the experimental group were also higher than those of the control group: 86.4% in the EG and 40.9% in the CG at week 1; 100% vs 42.9% at week 4; 86.4% vs 38.1% at week 8; 95.5% vs 38.1% at week 12; 94.7% vs 31.6% at 6 months; 89.5% vs 26.3% at 12 months. CONCLUSION: The study provided evidence that raising consciousness and strengthening mother's will and skills for exclusive breast-feeding helps them to achieve successful breast-feeding by themselves. In addition mothers need to be empowered to breast-feed starting before delivery and continuing after delivery. This approach could make long-term exclusive breast-feeding successful.
Adult ; Breast Feeding/*psychology ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant, Newborn ; Interviews as Topic ; Mothers/*psychology ; Postnatal Care ; *Program Evaluation

Breast Feeding ; psychology ; Female ; Global Health ; Health Policy ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Singapore ; Women's Health ; World Health Organization

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify factors which influence breastfeeding adaptation from among the following: parity and feeding behavior, social support, psychological, and demographic factors. METHODS: The respondents were 179 breastfeeding mothers. Data were collected from June 2 to 19, 2009 at two community health centers and one pediatric outpatient department. Data were analyzed using the SPSS program and included descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The major findings of this study were: 1) Significant differences in the level of breastfeeding adaptation were related to number of children, current problems related to breastfeeding, and lay supporters. 2) Level of breastfeeding adaptation was significantly related to marriage satisfaction, proportion of breastfeeding, length of previous breastfeeding, planned length of breastfeeding, parenting stress, and encouragement to breastfeed given by medical personnel. 3) Regression analysis showed that parenting stress, marriage satisfaction, current problems related to breastfeeding, and proportion of breastfeeding explained 44.3% of variance for breastfeeding adaptation. Length of previous breastfeeding also explained 9.7% of breastfeeding adaptation among mothers who had breastfed an elder child. CONCLUSION: Mothers with lower marriage satisfaction, breastfeeding problems, and higher parenting stress require more help from their family and nurses for breastfeeding adaptation. Future research should include variables, such as mother's and baby's behavior related to breastfeeding, knowledge about breastfeeding, and attitude toward breastfeeding.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; Breast Feeding/*psychology ; Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Marriage ; Maternal Behavior ; Mothers/*psychology ; Parenting ; Personal Satisfaction ; Questionnaires ; Regression Analysis ; Social Support

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of a breast feeding promotion program for working women on breast feeding continuation, mother-infant attachment, and maternal sensitivity. METHODS: The design of this study is nonequivalent control group design with repeated measures. RESULTS: There were significant differences in breast feeding continuation between two groups at each time point except 2 days and 1 week after delivery. The scores of mother-infant attachment and maternal sensitivity of experimental group were higher than those of the control group, but there were no significant differences between two groups. CONCLUSION: Although some modifications in contents and administration will be required to increase the effectiveness of the program, breast feeding promotion program for working women can be an effective nursing intervention which can facilitate breast feeding continuation and mother-infant relationships.
Adult ; Breast Feeding/*psychology ; Demography ; Female ; Health Education ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant, Newborn ; Mother-Child Relations ; Postnatal Care ; Program Development ; Questionnaires ; *Women, Working/psychology

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of an individual breast-feeding promotion program to address breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice for married immigrant women. METHODS: A non-equivalent control group quasi-experimental design was used (experimental group=16, control group=17). The intervention consisted of 3 phases: (1) Within 2 hours of delivery - individual breast-feeding training through video/verbal/practical training education and demonstration (2) After 1~2 days - group training using video, model doll, and breast models (3) After 7 days - family visit, counseling, retraining and reinforcement training. The data were analyzed using non-parametric tests with the SPSS program. RESULTS: Married immigrant women who participated in the individual breast-feeding program scored high in knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practice compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the individual breast-feeding program is very effective in increasing breast-feeding knowledge, attitude, method and rate of practicing breast feeding for married immigrant women. So, nurses are encouraged to aggressively utilize individual breast-feeding programs to help married immigrant women, who are exposed to vulnerability due to various situations.
Adult ; *Breast Feeding ; Counseling ; Emigrants and Immigrants/*psychology ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Marriage ; Mothers/psychology ; Pregnancy ; *Program Evaluation ; Social Support ; Young Adult