Breast has been considered as the symbol of the female. Ideal size of the breast was related to the age and culture. The goal of reduction mammaplasty is breast with natural cone shape, minimizing scars, well-placed and sensate nipple-areolar area and maintaining breast physiology. The ideal breast reduction should create beautiful breast with limited scars. We performed 37 cases of reduction mammaplasty. The techniques used were inferior dermal flap technique for 16 cases, vertical reduction mammaplasty for 18 cases, and periareolar round block technique for 3 cases. We compared advantages and disadvantages of the techniques and set up useful guide-lines to match the technique with the problem of each individual. The guidelines are as follow: 1. Inferior dermal pedicle technique is suitable for moderate to severe macromastia with ptosis. 2. Vertical reduction technique is effective for moderate macromastia in young women. 3. Periareolar round block technique is effective for mild to moderate macromastia in young women.
Breast ; Cicatrix ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty* ; Physiology

Breast Neoplasms ; etiology ; Female ; Humans ; Integrins ; physiology

This study was carried out to investigate the future plan for infant feeding practice and its associated factors among university students so as to develop focus for nutritional education program for the promotion of breastfeeding. The subjects were 301 students (males 130, females 171). The results obtained were as follows. In this survey, the subjects had a basic knowledge of breastfeeding and lactation, especially of the ingredient of breastmilk. However they were not well informed about the physiology and method of breastfeeding and benefits of breastfeeding for mothers. The average scores for attitude toward breastfeeding and lactation were 3.09 points on a 4 point scale, which indicated a slightly positive attitudes toward breastfeeding. However the participants had a negative attitude toward its emotional and practical aspects. Their future plan for infant feeding was breastfeeding 40.3%, formula feeding 3.0% and mixed feeding 56.7%. A concern was that the students showed a high rate with regard to a mixed feeding plan, and they decided this based on an incorrect knowledge of breastfeeding. The group who planned to breastfeed in the future (BF) showed higher scores with respect to knowledge and attitudes than those who planned to formula feed or mixed feed (FF + MF). Therefore, to encourage mothers to breastfeed and support breastfeeding, breastfeeding nutritional education is urgently needed among university students. In addition, nutrition education programs should promote the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and the physiology and practical method of breastfeeding. Also a practical and culturally sensitive course about food and nutrition is recommended to inform participants about breastfeeding.
Breast Feeding ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Infant* ; Lactation ; Mothers ; Physiology

This study was carried out to investigate the experiences of breast milk feeding information and education, breast milk feeding knowledge and attitude and needs for breast milk feeding nutrition education of high school students to encourage breast milk feeding. The subjects were 565 (male: 250, female: 315) high school students from first to third grade. The results obtained were as follows: In this survey, only 30.0% of subjects experienced breast milk feeding information and only 6.1% of subjects had breast milk feeding education. And the subjects showed the average scores of knowledge of breast milk feeding were 0.29 points of 1 point. Subjects knew well about ingredients of breast milk but they didn't know well about the physiology and method of breast milk feeding and benefits of breast milk feeding for mothers. The average scores of attitude of breast milk feeding were 3.03 points of 4 points, showed slight positive attitudes of breast milk feeding, but they had negative attitudes of emotional and practical aspects. The future plan of feeding practices was breast milk feeding 35.9% and 60.0% of formula milk feeding. A concern was that the students showed high ratio of formula milk feeding plan and they decided by incorrect knowledge of breast milk feeding. The 33.5% of students answered high school students will need breast milk feeding nutrition education, and they thought hospital faculties were the proper educators of breast milk feeding education, but dietitians were recomended as educators because of easy access at school and good knowledge of life-cycle nutrition. Therefore, to encourage breast milk feeding by mothers and supporters of breast milk feeding, breast milk feeding nutrition education is needed urgently among high school male and female students. And nutrition education programs will have to contain benefits of breast milk for babies and mothers and physiology and practical methods of breast milk feeding to improve emotional and practical attitudes for breast milk feeding. Nationwide campaign to promote breast milk feeding at public areas will be needed.
Breast Feeding ; Breast* ; Education* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Milk ; Milk, Human* ; Mothers ; Nutritionists ; Physiology

PURPOSE: To better identify the physiology of triple-negative breast neoplasm (TNBN), we analyzed the TNBN gene regulatory network using gene expression data. METHODS: We collected TNBN gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to construct a TNBN gene regulatory network using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression. In addition, we constructed a triple-positive breast neoplasm (TPBN) network for comparison. Furthermore, survival analysis based on gene expression levels and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis were carried out to support and compare the network analysis results, respectively. RESULTS: The TNBN gene regulatory network, which followed a power-law distribution, had 10,237 vertices and 17,773 edges, with an average vertex-to-vertex distance of 8.6. The genes ZDHHC20 and RAPGEF6 were identified by centrality analysis to be important vertices. However, in the DEG analysis, we could not find meaningful fold changes in ZDHHC20 and RAPGEF6 between the TPBN and TNBN gene expression data. In the multivariate survival analysis, the hazard ratio for ZDHHC20 and RAPGEF6 was 1.677 (1.192–2.357) and 1.676 (1.222–2.299), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our TNBN gene regulatory network was a scale-free one, which means that the network would be easily destroyed if the hub vertices were attacked. Thus, it is important to identify the hub vertices in the network analysis. In the TNBN gene regulatory network, ZDHHC20 and RAPGEF6 were found to be oncogenes. Further study of these genes could help to reveal a novel method for treating TNBN in the future.
Breast Neoplasms ; Gene Expression* ; Gene Regulatory Networks* ; Genome ; Methods ; Oncogenes ; Physiology ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms*

Biomedical Research ; trends ; Breast Neoplasms ; metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Mucins ; physiology ; Neoplasm Proteins ; physiology

As part of a survey of 600 women enrolled in a study of postpartum progesterone-only contraception (400 women who opted to use progesterone-only contraception and 200 controls) participants were asked about menstrual history and lactation experience. The mean longest menstrual cycle duration was found to be 29.5+/-SD3.5 days and the mean shortest cycle duration was 26.6+/-SD2.8 days. The mean duration of menstrual bleeding was 3.75+/-SD1.16 days. Few women reported menstrual period problems such as dysmenorrhoea (6.5%) and menorrhagia with clots (0.7%). However, 3% of the women reported irregular cycles with intervals of longer than 1 month. Overall the women reported breastfeeding their previous baby for a mean duration of 14 months. The group of women electing to use hormonal contraception reported that they had breastfed their last baby for 13.5+/-SD7.5 months while control women had done so for 14.1+/-SD9.4 months. The longest mean duration that women reported to have breastfed a previous infant was 19.5+/-SD9.6 months in the hormonal contraception group and 19.1+/-SD8.6 months in the control group.
Adult ; Breast Feeding ; Female ; Humans ; Lactation - physiology ; Menstruation - physiology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology

The chemokine SDF-1 (CXCL12) and its receptor, CXCR4, have been implicated in organ-specific metastases of several malignancies. CXCR4 expression has recently been characterized in many cancer cell types and is thought to play a pivotal role in directing the migration of metastasizing tumor cells to SDF-1-rich tissues. SDF-1, which is highly expressed in the organs where breast cancers preferentially metastasize, has been shown to promote cancer cell migration. The tumor cells use chemotaxis which occurred between CXCR4 and its ligand SDF-1 to direct migration from their primary sites via the circulation to the preferential sites of metastases, and further studies on the mechanism involved in a variety of cellular signaling pathways are beneficial to tumor therapy.
Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; Chemokine CXCL12 ; physiology ; Humans ; Multiple Myeloma ; pathology ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; physiology

Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process characterized by degradation and recycling of cytosolic components or organelles through a lysosome-dependent pathway. It has a complex and close relationship to drug resistance in breast cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding molecules that can influence numerous cellular processes including autophagy, through the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Autophagy is regulated by many proteins and pathways, some of which in turn have been found to be regulated by miRNAs. These miRNAs may affect the drug resistance of breast cancer. Drug resistance is the main cause of distant recurrence, metastasis and death in breast cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the causative relationship between autophagy and drug resistance of breast cancer. The roles of autophagy-related proteins and pathways and their associated miRNAs in drug resistance of breast cancer are also discussed.
Autophagy/physiology* ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/physiology* ; Signal Transduction/physiology*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of osteoporosis prevention education on Korean breast cancer patients' knowledge and health promoting behavior. METHODS: The participants in this study included breast cancer patients who were registered at a self-help group organized by the Breast Cancer Center of a university hospital in Seoul, Korea. The intervention group received 60 minutes'didactic instruction followed by 30 minutes' interactive session, and reinforcement education with leaflets was given three weeks after the group intervention. In order to measure the effects of the intervention, this study used valid and reliable scales on the knowledge of osteoporosis and health promoting behavior for preventing osteoporosis. A post-test was conducted 12 weeks after the intervention. RESULTS: The results showed significant improvement in three of the five factors of osteoporosis knowledge including bone physiology, the characteristics of osteoporosis, and preventive behaviors in the intervention group. Overall health promoting behavior for preventing osteoporosis had significantly increased in the intervention group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: Osteoporosis preventive education improved breast cancer patients' knowledge of osteoporosis and health promoting behavior for preventing osteoporosis by inducing their voluntary participation in self-care activities.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Education ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Korea ; Osteoporosis* ; Physiology ; Self Care ; Self-Help Groups ; Seoul ; Weights and Measures