OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of the bee-collected rape pollen.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel; Sephadex LH-20 and C18. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.

RESULTNine compounds were isolated from the bee-collected rape pollen and the structures of them were kaemferol-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(2-->1)-beta-D-glucoside (1), kaemferol-3,4'-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(2-->1)-beta-D-glucoside (3), nicotinic acid (4), nicotinamide (5), trans-p-coumaric acid-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaemferol (7), beta-sitosterol (8) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (9).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-6 were isolated from the bee-collected rape pollen for the first time.

Animals ; Bees ; physiology ; Brassica napus ; chemistry ; physiology ; Coumaric Acids ; chemistry ; Dextrans ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Pollen ; chemistry ; physiology ; Propionates ; Sitosterols ; chemistry

Under different red (R):blue (B) photon flux ratios, the growth performance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is significantly different. Rapeseed under high R ratios shows shade response, while under high B ratios it shows sun-type morphology. Rapeseed under monochromatic red or blue light is seriously stressed. Transcriptomic and proteomic methods were used to analyze the metabolic pathway change of rapeseed (cv. "Zhongshuang 11") leaves under different R:B photon flux ratios (including 100R:0B%, 75R:25B%, 25R:75B%, and 0R:100B%), based on digital gene expression (DGE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). For DGE analysis, 2054 differentially expressed transcripts (|log₂(fold change)|≥1, q<0.005) were detected among the treatments. High R ratios (100R:0B% and 75R:25B%) enhanced the expression of cellular structural components, mainly the cell wall and cell membrane. These components participated in plant epidermis development and anatomical structure morphogenesis. This might be related to the shade response induced by red light. High B ratios (25R:75B% and 0R:100B%) promoted the expression of chloroplast-related components, which might be involved in the formation of sun-type chloroplast induced by blue light. For 2-DE analysis, 37 protein spots showed more than a 2-fold difference in expression among the treatments. Monochromatic light (ML; 100R:0B% and 0R:100B%) stimulated accumulation of proteins associated with antioxidation, photosystem II (PSII), DNA and ribosome repairs, while compound light (CL; 75R:25B% and 25R:75B%) accelerated accumulation of proteins associated with carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid, vitamin, and xanthophyll metabolisms. These findings can be useful in understanding the response mechanisms of rapeseed leaves to different R:B photon flux ratios.
Brassica napus/radiation effects* ; Brassica rapa/radiation effects* ; Carbon/chemistry* ; Chloroplasts/radiation effects* ; Computational Biology ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects* ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Light ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Nitrogen/chemistry* ; Photons ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/genetics* ; Plant Leaves/radiation effects* ; Plant Proteins/genetics* ; Proteome ; Ribosomes ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptome

An herbal extract mixture and yogurt added to the herbal extract mixture were tested for their protective and therapeutic effects on ethanol-induced liver injury. The herbal extract mixture, yogurt and commercial drugs were used for treatment for two weeks prior to administering a single oral dose of ethanol (3 g/kg body weight). The herbal extract mixture and yogurt added to the herbal extract mixture were found to provide protection against ethanolinduced toxicity comparable to the commercial drug treatment, according to the serum and histopathological analysis. It was also shown that co-treatment with herbal extract mixture and yogurt against a triple oral dose of ethanol (2 g/kg body weight, over one week) provided protection against ethanol toxicity. After the initial set of experiments, the herbal extract mixture and yogurt treatments were extended for three more weeks. When compared to the positive control, further treatment with both the herbal extract and yogurt significantly reduced liver injury and resulted in a lower grade of lipid deposition.
Alnus/*chemistry ; Animals ; Body Weight/drug effects ; Brassica napus/*chemistry ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Eating ; Ethanol/antagonists & inhibitors/*toxicity ; Fabaceae/*chemistry ; Fermentation ; Liver/pathology ; Male ; Milk Thistle/*chemistry ; Oryza sativa/*chemistry ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts/*therapeutic use ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Yogurt