This article dealed with the effects of processing method and duration on the major bioactive components (sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate) in Brassica juncea. The contents of sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate in decoctions of raw and processed B. juncea were determined and compared by high performance liquid chromatography on a Alltima C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) at 35 degrees C with the acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid as the mobile phrase in gradient elution. The detection wavelength of sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate was set at 227 nm and 326 nm, and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). It was found that with the extended processing duration, the contents of sinigrin and sinapine thiocyanate first increased and then decreased: i.e., 0-2 minutes they increased gradually (for sinigrin, by 9.65% in processed products and 356. 10% in powder; for sinapine thiocyanate, by 12.82% in processed products and 3.41% in powder), and achieved their highest content at 2 min; then, decreased during the next 5 minutes (for sinigrin, by 80.35% in processed products and 82.09% in powder; for sinapine thiocyanate, by 14.29% in processed products and 17.54% in powder), suggesting that processing duration could significantly affect the contents of bioactive components in B. juncea, enzymatic hydrolysis of sinigrin when the seed is crushed in the present of moisture may be responsible for the content change. It is recommended that the slow fire should be the best processing method and the raw seed could be used directly in the water extracts related industrial production.
Brassica ; chemistry ; Choline ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Glucosinolates ; chemistry ; Powders ; chemistry ; Thiocyanates ; chemistry

Fourteen compounds were isolated by column chromatography from the ethyl acetate extract of the seeds of Brassica campestris. Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical properties and spectroscopic data analysis. The isolated compounds were respectively identified as (5Z,7E)-4, 4-dimethyl-5-acetyl-5, 7-nonadienoic acid (1), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (2), blumenol A (3), vinylsyringol (4), sinapinic acid (5), sinapic acid ethyl ester (6), protocatechuic acid (7), crinosterol (8), campesterol (9), 7-oxo-stigmasterol (10), kaempferol (11), 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (12), syringic acid (13) and daucosterol (14). Compound 1 was a new compound and the other compounds were isolated from this plant for the first time except for compounds 4, 5 and 13.
Brassica ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

OBJECTIVETo explore the physical and behavioral, microscopic and chemical characteristic traits of Brassica rapa, and supply scientific bases for establishing its quality control standard.

METHODMicroscopic identification method was adopted to observe the microscopic characters of ten batches crude drugs, the contents of water, impurity, total ash, insoluble acid ash and extractives were detected based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010) , and the oil constituents were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

RESULTThe microscopic traits were cotyledon, palisade cells, non-glandular hairs and inner endosperm, while the palisade cells, cotyledon cells and non-glandular hairs existed in its powders. The results confirmed the contents of water, impurity, total ash and insoluble acid ash should be fewer than 6%, 4.5%, 6%, 0.7%, while the content of extractives should exceed 11%. The main oil compounds in it were erucic acid, oleic acid and gamma-sitosterol through the GC-MS analysis.

CONCLUSIONThe experimental methods were accurate and reliable, and the indexes and parameters may be thought as the quality standards for B. rapa.

Brassica rapa ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; standards ; Quality Control ; Seeds ; chemistry ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of the bee-collected rape pollen.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel; Sephadex LH-20 and C18. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.

RESULTNine compounds were isolated from the bee-collected rape pollen and the structures of them were kaemferol-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(2-->1)-beta-D-glucoside (1), kaemferol-3,4'-di-O-beta-D-glucoside (2), quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(2-->1)-beta-D-glucoside (3), nicotinic acid (4), nicotinamide (5), trans-p-coumaric acid-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaemferol (7), beta-sitosterol (8) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (9).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1-6 were isolated from the bee-collected rape pollen for the first time.

Animals ; Bees ; physiology ; Brassica napus ; chemistry ; physiology ; Coumaric Acids ; chemistry ; Dextrans ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Pollen ; chemistry ; physiology ; Propionates ; Sitosterols ; chemistry

To determine the effects of kimchi extracts at different temperatures on larval development, Ascaris suum eggs were mixed with soluble part of 7 different brands of commercially available kimchi and preserved at either 5degrees C or 25degrees C for up to 60 days. A. suum eggs incubated at 25degrees C showed marked differences in larval development between kimchi extract and control group. While all eggs in the control group completed embryonation by day 21, only 30% of the eggs in the kimchi extract group became embryonated by day 36 and about 25% never became larvated even at day 60. At 5degrees C, however, none of the eggs showed larval development regardless of the incubation period or type of mixture group. To determine the survival rate of A. suum eggs that showed no embryonation after being preserved at 5degrees C, eggs preserved in kimchi extracts for 14, 28, and 60 at 5degrees C were re-incubated at 25degrees C for 3 weeks in distilled water. While all eggs in the control group became larvated, eggs in the kimchi extract group showed differences in their embryonation rates by the incubation period; 87.4 % and 41.7% of the eggs became embryonated after being refrigerated for 14 days and 28 days, respectively. When refrigerated for 60 days, however, no eggs mixed in kimchi extract showed larval development. Our results indicate that embryogenesis of A. suum eggs in kimchi extract was affected by duration of refrigeration, and that all eggs stopped larval development completely in kimchi kept at 5degrees C for up to 60 days.
Animals ; Ascaris suum/*drug effects/embryology ; Brassica/*chemistry ; Ovum/*drug effects/growth & development ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology ; Raphanus/*chemistry ; Temperature

Through the study of allelopathy of the pericarp of Phellodendron amurense, the role of self-regeneration barriers was investigated in order to find ways and means for the protection of wild populations of P. amurense. Solution preparation: soaked pericarp of P. amurense in distilled water at 4 degrees C to get solution A, and reflux extraction of pericarp with distilled water at 100 degrees C to get solution B. Both of the solution A and solution B were used in the experiment of seed germination and seedling growth with the seeds of cabbage and wheat. The results showed that 20 g x L(-1) concentration of solution A and solution B inhibited significantly seed germination of cabbage and wheat, while 100 g x L(-1) concentration of solution A even completely inhibited the seed germination of wheat. 20 g x L(-1) concentration of solution A significantly inhibited the cabbage and wheat seedling growth, completely inhibited the root growth of cabbage, while 100 g x L(-1) concentrations of solution A completely inhibited seedling growth of cabbage and wheat. Comparing to solution A, the intensity of solution B are diminished on seed germination and seedling growth. It is concluded that the allelopathy of pericarp of P. amurense is multi-material role in the results, some of allelochemicals are easily degradable when exposed to heat. Overall, the allelopathy of pericarp of P. amurense can affect the seed germination and seedling growth. It is supposed that allelochemicals existed in the pericarp of P. amurense is one of the reason leading to difficulties in self-regeneration of its population.
Brassica ; drug effects ; Germination ; drug effects ; Phellodendron ; chemistry ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Plant Roots ; drug effects ; Seedlings ; drug effects ; Triticum ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo investigate the activity and the location of the endogenesis inhibitory substances in seed of of Thesium chinense.

METHODThe rough extracts from different concentrations, places and extracting times of T. chinense seeds were prepared and determined by its effect on wheat and Brassica sp seed.

RESULT AND CONCLUSIONThe extract dramatically inhibited the germentation and the growth of wheat and Brassica sp seed and the inhibitory activity was positively related to the concentration of the extracts. When the concentration reached 0. 32 g mL(-1), wheat seed did not germentate. With increasing the extracting times, the inhibitory activity first decreased, then increased. The capsule and kernel both had inhibitory substances and the latter was stronger than the former. Highly active inhibitory substances were found first time in the seed of T. chinense.

Brassica ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Germination ; drug effects ; Plant Extracts ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plant Growth Regulators ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Santalaceae ; chemistry ; Seeds ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Triticum ; drug effects ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo study the effective fraction of the extract of seeds of Brassica alba, which inhibits experimental mice prostatic hyperplasia.

METHODAn experimental model of prostatic hyperplasia of castrated male mice induced by testosterone propionate was made. Fractions I, II and III were prepared by extracting the seeds of Brassica alba successively with ether, ethanol and water under reflux. Total extract was prepared by extracting the seeds of Brassica alba with 60% ethanol under reflux. The total extract and the three fractions were used to test the activities.

RESULTTotal extract, fractions I and II could not only significantly inhibit mice prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone propionate and activity of serum acid phosphatase, but also decrease wet weight of preputial glands, while fraction III is inactive.

CONCLUSIONExtract from seeds of Brassica alba can significantly inhibit mice prostatic hyperplasia induced by exterior hormone, possessing an activity of anti-androgen. Fractions I and II show an equivalent activity of total extract, which indicate that these fractions contain active components of seeds of Brassica alba which can inhibit prostatic hyperplasia.

Acid Phosphatase ; blood ; Animals ; Brassica ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Orchiectomy ; Organ Size ; drug effects ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Prostate ; drug effects ; Prostatic Hyperplasia ; blood ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Testosterone

Under different red (R):blue (B) photon flux ratios, the growth performance of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is significantly different. Rapeseed under high R ratios shows shade response, while under high B ratios it shows sun-type morphology. Rapeseed under monochromatic red or blue light is seriously stressed. Transcriptomic and proteomic methods were used to analyze the metabolic pathway change of rapeseed (cv. "Zhongshuang 11") leaves under different R:B photon flux ratios (including 100R:0B%, 75R:25B%, 25R:75B%, and 0R:100B%), based on digital gene expression (DGE) and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). For DGE analysis, 2054 differentially expressed transcripts (|log₂(fold change)|≥1, q<0.005) were detected among the treatments. High R ratios (100R:0B% and 75R:25B%) enhanced the expression of cellular structural components, mainly the cell wall and cell membrane. These components participated in plant epidermis development and anatomical structure morphogenesis. This might be related to the shade response induced by red light. High B ratios (25R:75B% and 0R:100B%) promoted the expression of chloroplast-related components, which might be involved in the formation of sun-type chloroplast induced by blue light. For 2-DE analysis, 37 protein spots showed more than a 2-fold difference in expression among the treatments. Monochromatic light (ML; 100R:0B% and 0R:100B%) stimulated accumulation of proteins associated with antioxidation, photosystem II (PSII), DNA and ribosome repairs, while compound light (CL; 75R:25B% and 25R:75B%) accelerated accumulation of proteins associated with carbohydrate, nucleic acid, amino acid, vitamin, and xanthophyll metabolisms. These findings can be useful in understanding the response mechanisms of rapeseed leaves to different R:B photon flux ratios.
Brassica napus/radiation effects* ; Brassica rapa/radiation effects* ; Carbon/chemistry* ; Chloroplasts/radiation effects* ; Computational Biology ; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/radiation effects* ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Light ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Nitrogen/chemistry* ; Photons ; Photosystem II Protein Complex/genetics* ; Plant Leaves/radiation effects* ; Plant Proteins/genetics* ; Proteome ; Ribosomes ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptome

A field demonstration of reduction of lead availability in a soil and cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.) contaminated by mining tailings, located in Shaoxing, China was carried out to evaluate the effects of applications of phosphorus fertilizers on Pb fractionation and Pb phyto-availability in the soil. It was found that the addition of all three P fertilizers including single super phosphate (SSP), phosphate rock (PR), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP) significantly decreased the percentage of water-soluble and exchangeable (WE) soil Pb and then reduced the uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn by the cabbage compared to the control (CK). The results showed that the level of 300 g P/m(2) soil was the most cost-effective application rate of P fertilizers for reducing Pb availability at the first stage of remediation, and that at this P level, the effect of WE fraction of Pb in the soil decreased by three phosphorus fertilizers followed the order: CMP (79%)>SSP (41%)>PR (23%); Effectiveness on the reduction of Pb uptake by cabbage was in the order: CMP (53%)>SSP (41%)>PR (30%). Therefore our field trial demonstrated that it was effective and feasible to reduce Pb availability in soil and cabbage contaminated by mining tailings using P fertilizers in China and PR would be a most cost-effective amendment.
Biodegradation, Environmental ; drug effects ; Brassica ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Fertilizers ; Industrial Waste ; analysis ; prevention & control ; Lead ; analysis ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Mining ; Phosphates ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Soil Pollutants ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics