OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and prognostic factors in patients with brain metastasis from colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODSClinical materials of 45 colorectal cancer patients who developed brain metastasis were collected, and the data and follow-up data of those patients were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSMost brain metastases were from rectal cancer (64.4%), and 80.0% of the 45 cases had extracranial metastases. The most common extracranial metastatic site was the lung (57.8%), followed by the liver (35.6%). All the brain metastases in patients with liver metastases were supratentorial, while in contrast, 44.8% of the patients without liver metastasis had subtentorial metastasis, showing a significant difference between them (P<0.05). The interval time from diagnosis of CRC to the development of brain metastases in case of Dukes D stage was 12.0 months, significantly shorter than that in the cases of Dukes A stage (24.0 months), B (36.0 months) and C (29.0 months) (P<0.05). The interval time was also shorter in the patients who developed extracranial metastasis within one year than those more than one year (12.0 months vs. 38.0 months)( P<0.05). The median survival time of patients with brain metastasis from colorectal was 6.0 months, with a 1-year survival rate of 21.1% and 2-year survival rate of 3.3% only. Univariate analysis showed that the median survival of patients with a KPS score of ≥70 was 8.0 months, significantly higher than 2.0 months in those with a KPS score of <70 (P<0.05). The median survival of patients with one or two brain metastases was 8.0 months, significantly higher than 4.0 months of those with >2 brain metastases (P<0.05). The median survival time after diagnosis of brain metastasis was 4.0 months for those who received monotherapy (only steroids, only chemotherapy or only radiotherapy), significantly shorter than 10.0 months of patients who received chemoradiotherapy, and 12.0 months of those who underwent surgery (P<0.05). Comparing each two differently treated groups, the survival time of surgery combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy group was significantly different from that of all of other groups (P<0.05). The median survival time of chemoradiotherapy group was longer than that of monotherapy, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that brain metastases >2 and treatment modality type are independent prognostic factors for survival.

CONCLUSIONSPatients initially diagnosed with a Dukes D stage primary colorectal tumor and occurrence of extracranial metastasis (especially, pulmonary metastasis) within one year are associated to an increased risk of brain metastases and have a shorter survival time. Most brain metastases in patients with liver metastases are supratentorial, while many patients without liver metastasis have subtentorial metastasis. Brain metastases >2 and the type of treatment modality are independent prognostic factors for survival. The prognosis of patients who received chemoradiotherapy is better than those treated only with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Some subsets of patients may benefit from surgery plus chemotherapy/radiotherapy.

Brain Neoplasms ; mortality ; secondary ; therapy ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Lung Neoplasms ; secondary ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Time Factors

Fibromyalgia syndrome after comprehensive treatment of breast cancer is rare and seldom reported. Here we present a case of a 50-year-old female patient,who was admitted to the hospital because of generalized fibromyalgia for 3 months and brain metastasis after the right breast carcinoma surgery for 1 month, and the clinical diagnosis was brain metastasis from breast carcinoma combined with fibromyalgia syndrome. The fibromyalgia were relieved with proper symptomatic treatment but the patient eventually died of tumor progression.
Brain Neoplasms ; mortality ; secondary ; Breast Neoplasms ; complications ; mortality ; therapy ; Carcinoma ; mortality ; therapy ; Female ; Fibromyalgia ; diagnosis ; etiology ; therapy ; Humans ; Middle Aged

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. The outcome of patients with metastatic cervical cancer is poor. We reviewed the relevant literature concerning the treatment and diagnosis of metastatic cervical cancer. There are two types of metastasis related to different treatments and survival rates: hematogenous metastasis and lymphatic metastasis. Patients with hematogenous metastasis have a higher risk of death than those with lymphatic metastasis. In terms of diagnosis, fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and PET-computed tomography are effective tools for the evaluation of distant metastasis. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy and subsequent chemotherapy are well-tolerated and efficient for lymphatic metastasis. As for lung metastasis, chemotherapy and/or surgery are valuable treatments for resistant, recurrent metastatic cervical cancer and chemoradiotherapy may be the optimal choice for stage IVB cervical cancer. Chemotherapy and bone irradiation are promising for bone metastasis. A better survival is achieved with multimodal therapy. Craniotomy or stereotactic radiosurgery is an optimal choice combined with radiotherapy for solitary brain metastases. Chemotherapy and palliative brain radiation may be considered for multiple brain metastases and other organ metastases.
Bone Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Brain Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/*pathology/therapy

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. The outcome of patients with metastatic cervical cancer is poor. We reviewed the relevant literature concerning the treatment and diagnosis of metastatic cervical cancer. There are two types of metastasis related to different treatments and survival rates: hematogenous metastasis and lymphatic metastasis. Patients with hematogenous metastasis have a higher risk of death than those with lymphatic metastasis. In terms of diagnosis, fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and PET-computed tomography are effective tools for the evaluation of distant metastasis. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy and subsequent chemotherapy are well-tolerated and efficient for lymphatic metastasis. As for lung metastasis, chemotherapy and/or surgery are valuable treatments for resistant, recurrent metastatic cervical cancer and chemoradiotherapy may be the optimal choice for stage IVB cervical cancer. Chemotherapy and bone irradiation are promising for bone metastasis. A better survival is achieved with multimodal therapy. Craniotomy or stereotactic radiosurgery is an optimal choice combined with radiotherapy for solitary brain metastases. Chemotherapy and palliative brain radiation may be considered for multiple brain metastases and other organ metastases.
Bone Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Brain Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/secondary/therapy ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging/*pathology/therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prognostic factors of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and establish a reliable model of clinical prognostic index.

METHODSKaplan-Meier and Cox regression were used to analyze the relationship between survival time and prognostic factors in 60 cases of SCLC. The prognostic factors included clinical and laboratory parameters, serum cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA21-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), CA125, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R).

RESULTSKaplan-Meier analysis showed that poor prognosis was in patients with KPS < 80 or extensive disease and unrelated to other clinical parameters such as age, sex and smoking index, and in patients with serum NSE > 30 micro g/L, CEA > 5.0 micro g/L, CA125 > 37 KU/L and sIL-2R > 500 KU/L. Serum IL-2 and CYFRA21-1 were also elevated, but had no significant prognostic value. Multivariate analysis indicated that serum NSE, stage and treatment of disease were independent prognostic factors. The three prognostic factors enabled establishment of a prognostic index (PI) based on a simple algorithm: PI = NSE (0 if < or = 30 micro g/L, 1 if > 30 microg/L) + stage (0 = LD, 1 = ED) + CEA (0 if < or = 5.0 microg/L, 1 if > 5.0 microg/L).

CONCLUSIONThe stage of disease, systemic treatment and the level of serum NSE are independent prognostic factors. Without considering the influence of treatment-related factors on survival, the levels of serum CEA, NSE and stage of disease before treatment are significant independent prognostic factors. PI calculated on the basis of CEA, NSE and stage is recommended to predict the survival of SCLC.

Adult ; Aged ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; Brain Neoplasms ; secondary ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; mortality ; secondary ; therapy ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; secondary ; Lung Neoplasms ; mortality ; pathology ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multivariate Analysis ; Neoplasm Staging ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVETo summarize the clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of brain metastasis in patients with epithelial ovarian carcinoma.

METHODSRetrospective analysis was conducted in 7 cases of brain metastases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma from January 1986 to March 2007 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital for summarizing therapy results and prognosis-affecting factors.

RESULTSIncidence of brain metastases of epithelial ovarian carcinoma was about 0.66% (7/1055). Serous adenocarcinoma was the predominant pathological type in 4 cases and the subsequent was adenocarcinoma in 3 cases. All the patients were diagnosed at late stage, 6 cases with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIc and 1 with FIGO stage IV. The mean duration from diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma to brain metastasis was 32.7 +/- 20.0 months (range, 23-73 months). Single metastasis focus occurred in 43% of cases and multiple metastases in 57% of cases. Fifty-seven percent of patients presented extracranial metastasis. Serum CA125 played a role in monitoring reoccurrence and brain metastases. The average survival time was about 12 months. Better treatment with prolonged survival could be achieved by combination of operation and chemotherapy or combination of radiotherapy with chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONSAs a rare condition, brain metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma is rising in incidence with improved treatment of ovarian carcinoma and prolonged survival. However, brain metastasis indicates bad prognosis which can be improved by combined therapy.

Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; secondary ; therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Ovarian Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Prognosis

BACKGROUNDBrain metastasis is one of the most important causes of treatment failure in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC). This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) on survival and brain metastases for patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer in complete remission.

METHODSFifty one patients with limited stage SCLC in complete remission after chemoradiotherapy were randomly divided into PCI group (n = 26) and control group (n = 25). Patients in the PCI group received PCI at a dose of 25.2 to 30.6 Gy in 1.8 to 2.0 Gy per fraction. The Kaplan-Meier method and Log rank test were used to analyse and compare survival rates, and chi(2) test was used to compare the incidences of cranial metastases in two groups.

RESULTSThere was no significant difference in clinical characteristics of patients such as age, sex, effect of treatment before PCI between the two groups. The incidence of brain metastases was 3.8% in the PCI group in contrast to 32.0% in the control group (chi(2) = 5.15, P = 0.02). The 1, 3, 5-year survival rates were 84.6%, 42.3%, 34.6% respectively in the PCI group and 72.0%, 32.0%, 24.0% respectively in the control group, with no difference between the two groups (chi(2) = 2.25, P = 0.13). No serious sequelae were observed in patients receiving PCI.

CONCLUSIONFor patients with limited stage SCLC responding completely to chemotherapy plus radiotherapy, PCI can decrease the incidence of brain metastases and improve survival rate.

Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; prevention & control ; secondary ; Carcinoma, Small Cell ; therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Cranial Irradiation ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; therapy ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis in breast cancer with brain metastasis (BCBM).

METHODSThe clinical data of 137 BCBM from June 2002 to June 2008 was reviewed and analyzed. Their molecular subtypes were categorized based on detection of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression. The focal area included 35 cases of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), 38 cases of HR (ER and PR) (-)/HER-2(+), 40 cases of HR(+)/HER-2(-), 24 cases of HR(+)/HER-2(+). The clinical characteristics and the outcome in patients with influence were analyzed.

RESULTSIn 137 BCBM, the median overal survival after brain metastasis was 6.5 month. The median survivals of TNBC, HR(-)/HER-2(+), HR(+)/HER-2(-) and HR(+)/HER-2(+) were 5.0, 5.5, 10.0 and 9.5 months, respectively. The median survivals after brain metastasis of the breast cancer patients who received the combination therapy of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) and neurosurgery and/or stereotactic radiosurgery, received WBRT but not combination therapy and didn't receive WBRT were 15.0, 9.5 and 4.0 months, respectively. In univariate survival analysis, substyle, number of brain metastasis, brain metastasis as initial recurrence or not, brain-only metastases or not, the combination therapy status after brain metastasis were obviously correlated with the prognosis (χ(2) = 6.891 to 29.414, P < 0.05). Substyle (RR = 1.234, 95%CI: 1.057 to 1.440) and the combination therapy status after brain metastasis (RR = 1.838, 95%CI: 1.389 to 2.431) were independent prognostic factor in multivariable analysis (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSTNBC confers a high risk of death after brain metastases. Systemic treatment via combined modalities are helpful for breast cancer patients, even after the detection of brain metastases.

Adult ; Aged ; Brain ; pathology ; Brain Neoplasms ; secondary ; therapy ; Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Analysis ; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy

BACKGROUNDPatients with melanoma metastasized to the central nervous system have a poor prognosis. Because the incidence of malignant melanoma in the Oriental is lower than that in the Caucasian population, brain metastases of malignant melanoma are rarely reported in Asia. Here we present our experience of brain metastasis of melanoma in an Asian perspective.

METHODSFrom 1990 to 2003, 369 patients with melanoma were treated in our hospital, 26 of them were diagnosed as having central nervous system involvement. Of the 26 cases, the clinical history, image, and pathologic findings of 23 patients were analyzed; the other 3 were excluded because of incomplete clinical data.

RESULTSAmong the 369 patients with melanoma, 45% (167/369) developed lower extremity melanoma, and 27.1% (100/369) had acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM); while in the 23 patients with brain metastases, 34.7% (8/23) had lower extremity melanoma, and 34.7% (8/23) had ALM. Among the 23 patients, 17 had acute hemorrhage into the tumor, 8 initially presented with a single cerebral metastatic lesion, and 15 had multiple brain lesions. Ten of them received surgery, 3 underwent stereotactic radiosurgery, and 16 received whole brain radiation. During follow-up, only 2 patients survived for more than 1 year, the median survival period was 5 months. The longest follow-up period was 11 years.

CONCLUSIONSCompared with the Caucasian, Chinese patients with melanoma have a different proportion of melanoma subtype and higher incidence rates of lower extremities melanoma and ALM. However, their clinical presentation and prognosis are similar. The patients, who have excisable single or multiple brain lesions or limited extracranial disease and who are actively treated, may survive longer.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Brain Neoplasms ; secondary ; Cranial Irradiation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Melanoma ; pathology ; therapy ; Middle Aged ; Skin Neoplasms ; pathology ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo review the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatments of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) in head and neck.

METHODSA retrospective review of the medical records for the cases of PNET in head and neck from 2004 to 2014. General clinical information including diagnosis and treatments was obtained and analyzed. A literature review was also conducted.

RESULTSA total of 5 cases diagnosed with PNET were included. Of 5 patients, one patient with lesion in the temporal field was treated with radical resection, followed by radiotherapy, and a 24-month follow-up showed no recurrence. Three patients presented with maxillary, infratemporal fossa or cheek invasion respectively, after diagnosed with pathological examination, one patient received preoperation radiotherapy plus radical resection and postoperative chemotherapy, and the lesions had no obvious progress with follow-up of 106 months; one patient was applied with preoperative chemotherapy plus extensive resection and postoperation radiotherapy, showed recurrence 15 months later, and was lost to follow-up; and another patient underwent chemotherapy plus radiotherapy and extensive resection, presented with pulmonary metastasis 5 months later, and died of brain metastasis within 25 months. One foreign patient presented with tumor involved submaxillary, mouth and tongue, the tumor was reduced obviously after chemotherapy, but he was lost to follow-up after getting home.

CONCLUSIONSPNET in head and neck is rare and the clinical profile of PNET is the presence of occupying and compression. The pathology examination is an only way to confirm the diagnosis of PNET. The combination of excision, radiotherapy and chemotherapy is the treatment choice.

Brain Neoplasms ; secondary ; Head and Neck Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Humans ; Lost to Follow-Up ; Male ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive ; diagnosis ; pathology ; therapy ; Retrospective Studies