Chinese, as a logographic language, fundamentally differs from alphabetic languages like English. Previous neuroimaging studies have mainly focused on alphabetic languages, while the exploration of Chinese reading is still an emerging and fast-growing research field. Recently, a growing number of neuroimaging studies have explored the neural circuit of Chinese reading. Here, we summarize previous research on Chinese reading from a connectomic perspective. Converging evidence indicates that the left middle frontal gyrus is a specialized hub region that connects the ventral with dorsal pathways for Chinese reading. Notably, the orthography-to-phonology and orthography-to-semantics mapping, mainly processed in the ventral pathway, are more specific during Chinese reading. Besides, in addition to the left-lateralized language-related regions, reading pathways in the right hemisphere also play an important role in Chinese reading. Throughout, we comprehensively review prior findings and emphasize several challenging issues to be explored in future work.
Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Brain Mapping ; China ; Connectome ; Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Reading

Connectome/methods* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Head ; Brain Mapping/methods* ; Nerve Net

Recent breakthroughs in functional neuroimaging techniques have launched the quest of mapping the connections of the human brain, otherwise known as the human connectome. Imaging connectomics is an umbrella term that refers to the neuroimaging techniques used to generate these maps, which recently has enabled comprehensive brain mapping of network connectivity combined with graph theoretic methods. In this review, we present an overview of the key concepts in functional connectomics. Furthermore, we discuss articles that applied task-based and/or resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine network deficits in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These studies have provided important insights regarding the etiology of PTSD, as well as the overall organization of the brain network. Advances in functional connectomics are expected to provide insight into the pathophysiology and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.
Biomarkers ; Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Connectome* ; Diagnosis ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuroimaging ; Neurosciences* ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic*

Humans ; Empathy ; Brain Mapping ; Pain

Neurostimulation remarkably alleviates the symptoms in a variety of brain disorders by modulating the brain-wide network. However, how brain-wide effects on the direct and indirect pathways evoked by focal neurostimulation elicit therapeutic effects in an individual patient is unknown. Understanding this remains crucial for advancing neural circuit-based guidance to optimize candidate patient screening, pre-surgical target selection, and post-surgical parameter tuning. To address this issue, we propose a functional brain connectome-based modeling approach that simulates the spreading effects of stimulating different brain regions and quantifies the rectification of abnormal network topology in silico. We validated these analyses by pinpointing nuclei in the basal ganglia circuits as top-ranked targets for 43 local patients with Parkinson's disease and 90 patients from a public database. Individual connectome-based analysis demonstrated that the globus pallidus was the best choice for 21.1% and the subthalamic nucleus for 19.5% of patients. Down-regulation of functional connectivity (up to 12%) at these prioritized targets optimally maximized the therapeutic effects. Notably, the priority rank of the subthalamic nucleus significantly correlated with motor symptom severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III) in the local cohort. These findings underscore the potential of neural network modeling for advancing personalized brain stimulation therapy, and warrant future experimental investigation to validate its clinical utility.
Adult ; Aged ; Brain Mapping ; Connectome ; Deep Brain Stimulation ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neural Pathways ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Oxygen ; blood ; Parkinson Disease ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; therapy ; ROC Curve ; United Kingdom

The population receptive field (pRF) of a voxel is the joint receptive field of the population of neurons within the voxel. Using a non-invasive pRF technique, researcher can estimate the pRF position and size parameters of each voxel in human brain. These pRF parameters provide an excellent research basis to study neural mechanisms of sensory perception. Although the pRF technique has developed very rapidly in recent years and been widely used in the field of neural mechanisms of sensory perception, related review article is still absent. Here, we provide an overview of the pRF technique. First, we briefly introduce research methods of this technique. Next, we focus on applications of this technique in the field of neural mechanisms of sensory perception. Then, we discuss advantages and limitations of the pRF technique in practical application. In the end, we give some suggestions on the future application direction of the pRF technique. The pRF technique has played an important role in the research of neural mechanism of sensory perception, and it would play a more important role in the future.
Brain ; physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Humans ; Neurons ; Perception

Cognitive control refers to the brain functions that regulate variously specific mental activities in terms of task goal, forming the basis of goal-guided behaviors. In the last decade, our team devoted to investigating the neural mechanisms of basic functions of cognitive control, i.e., monitoring, controlling, and switching. We published a series of papers on the temporal course of monitoring initiating cognitive control and its mechanisms, the influential scope of controlling and new controlling mechanisms, brain networks related to controlling efficiency, brain hubs and neural dynamic encoding of switching. This paper reviews the related studies and further extracts their theoretical significance. In the future, more attention should be paid on causal studies, studies on functional implementation of cognitive control, and transfer-application studies, by which we expect to deeply elucidate neural mechanisms of cognitive control.
Brain ; physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cognition ; Humans

No abstract available.
Brain Mapping* ; Evoked Potentials, Visual* ; Schizophrenia*

Acoustic Stimulation ; Brain Mapping ; Hallucinations ; Humans

PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of functional MR imaging of motor language function and its usefulnessin the determination of hemispheric language dominance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to activate the motorcenter of language, six subjects(5 right-handed, 1 left-handed; 3 males, 3 females) generated words. They wererequested to do this silently, without physical articulation, in response to English letters presented visually.Gradient-echo images (TR/TE/flip angle, 80/60/40o; 64x128 matrix; 10mm thickness) were obtained in three axialplanes including the inferior frontal gyrus. Functional maps were created by the postprocessing of gradient-echoimages, including subtraction and statistics. Areas of activation were topographically analyzed and numbers ofactivated pixels in each region were compared between right and left sides. The reproducibility of functional mapswas tested by repetition of functional imaging in the same subjects. RESULTS: Statistically significant activationsignals were demonstrated in five of six subjects, in whom the distribution of those signals was predominantly inboth frontal lobes. Hemispheric lateralization of activation, when activated pixels were compared between bothinferior frontal gyri, was in all cases on the left. In four subjects, functional maps were reproduced in asimilar fashion. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that functional MR imaging can depict the activation of motorlanguage function in the brain and can be used as a useful non-invasive method for determining the hemisphericdominance of language.
Brain Mapping* ; Brain* ; Frontal Lobe ; Humans* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male