Brain ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; physiopathology

Cathepsin S, one of the lysosomal proteinases, has many important physiological functions in the nervous system, especially in process of extracellular matrix degradation and endocellular antigen presentation. Those functions are closely associated with the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. It would be beneficial to elucidate the role of Cathepsin S in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases.
Alzheimer Disease ; physiopathology ; Astrocytoma ; physiopathology ; Brain Neoplasms ; physiopathology ; Cathepsins ; physiology ; Humans ; Intracranial Arteriosclerosis ; physiopathology

Brain ; physiopathology ; Female ; Foot ; anatomy & histology ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Meridians

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the primary tool in investigation of the brain science. It is necessary to carry out a deepgoing study into the characteristics and information hidden in EEGs to meet the needs of the clinical research. In this paper, we present a wavelet-nonlinear dynamic methodology for analysis of nonlinear characteristic of EEGs and delta, theta, alpha, and beta sub-bands. We therefore studied the effectiveness of correlation dimension (CD), largest Lyapunov exponen, and approximate entropy (ApEn) in differentiation between the interictal EEG and ictal EEG based on statistical significance of the differences. The results showed that the nonlinear dynamic char acteristic of EEG and EEG subbands could be used as effective identification statistics in detecting seizures.
Brain ; physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Entropy ; Epilepsy ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Seizures

Animals ; Mice ; Hypersensitivity ; Septum of Brain/physiopathology*

OBJECTIVE: To explore the main performance of personality change in people with mild psychiatric impairments which due to the brain trauma caused by traffic accidents and its value in assessment of psychiatric impairment. METHODS: The condition of personality change of patients with traumatic brain injury caused by traffic accident was evaluated by the Scale of Personality Change Post-traumatic Brain Injury (SPCPTBI). Furthermore, the correlation between the personality change and the degrees of traumatic brain injury and psychiatric impairment were explored. Results In 271 samples, 239 (88.2%) with personality changes. Among these 239 samples, 178 (65.7%), 46 (17.0%), 15 (5.5%) with mild, moderate and severe personality changes, respectively. The ratio based on the extent of personality changes to the degree of brain trauma was not significant (P > 0.05), but the total score difference between the groups was significant (P < 0.05). There was no statistical significance between the medium and high severity brain trauma groups. The higher degree of personality changes, the higher rank of mental disabilities. The total score difference of the scale of personality change among the different mild psychiatric impairment group was significant (P<0.05). The difference between other psychiatric impairment levels had statistical significance (P < 0.05) except level 7 and 8. CONCLUSION The occurrence of personality change due to traumatic brain injury caused by traffic accident was high. Correlations exist between the personality change and the degree of psychiatric impairment. Personality change due to brain trauma caused by traffic accident can be assessed effectively by means of SPCPTBI, and the correlation between the total score and the extent of traumatic brain injury can be found.
Accidents, Traffic ; Brain Injuries/physiopathology* ; Humans ; Personality

Studies have shown that the clinical manifestation of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders might be related to the abnormal connectivity of brain functions. Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES) are different from the conventional epileptic seizures due to the lack of the expected electroencephalographically epileptic changes in central nervous system, but are related to the presence of significant psychological factors. Diagnosis of PNES remains challenging. We found in the present work that the connectivity between the frontal and parieto-occipital in PNES was weaker than that of the controls by using network analysis based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. In addition, PNES were recognized by using the network properties as linear discriminant nalysis (LDA) input and classification accuracy was 85%. This study may provide a feasible tool for clinical diagnosis of PNES.
Brain ; physiopathology ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; Humans ; Seizures ; diagnosis

As the key organ of human, the brain has projection area corresponding to every part of the body, indicating that the damage on human body will locate a corresponding projection area in the brain. The primary injury on the distal end will produce secondary lesion in the projection area of brain, featuring as "bipolar lesions". The volume transmission (VT) theory and propagated sensation along meridians (PSAM) in TCM provide core guidance for the treatment of "bipolar lesions". The tendency to lesion of PSAM is achieved through volume transmission, which is also called "propagated sensation tendency to lesion of VT". From three aspects, VT can treat bipolar lesions, formatting a ring closed path. With VT as main treatment and wiring transmission as supplemented treatment, it has a more comprehensive guidance for treatment, and this theory may play an essential guiding role in the future treatment development for diseases.
Brain ; physiopathology ; Disease ; etiology ; Humans ; Meridians ; Sensation

The study of non-linear EEG is of great significance in clinical practice and research work. This paper has gone into the feasibility of calculating the correlation dimension and has developed some subjects with the characters of correlation dimension and the difference under four conditions: (1) passive eyes closed(PEC); (2) mental arithmetic with eyes closed(MAEC); (3) passive eyes open(PEO); (4) mental reasoning with eyes open (MRED). The results show it is feasible and meaningful to calculate correlation dimension and the correlation dimension can reflect the regular patterns of mental activity.
Algorithms ; Brain ; physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Electroencephalography ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; Nonlinear Dynamics

Investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying brain disorders is a priority if novel therapeutic strategies are to be developed. In vivo studies of animal models and in vitro studies of cell lines/primary cell cultures may provide useful tools to study certain aspects of brain disorders. However, discrepancies among these studies or unsuccessful translation from animal/cell studies to human/clinical studies often occur, because these models generally represent only some symptoms of a neuropsychiatric disorder rather than the complete disorder. Human brain slice cultures from postmortem tissue or resected tissue from operations have shown that, in vitro, neurons and glia can stay alive for long periods of time, while their morphological and physiological characteristics, and their ability to respond to experimental manipulations are maintained. Human brain slices can thus provide a close representation of neuronal networks in vivo, be a valuable tool for investigation of the basis of neuropsychiatric disorders, and provide a platform for the evaluation of novel pharmacological treatments of human brain diseases. A brain bank needs to provide the necessary infrastructure to bring together donors, hospitals, and researchers who want to investigate human brain slices in cultures of clinically and neuropathologically well-documented material.
Brain ; drug effects ; physiopathology ; Brain Diseases ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Tissue Culture Techniques