Brain Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; pathology

Brain Neoplasms ; pathology ; Humans ; Neurocytoma ; pathology

The concepts of hydrocephalus can be applied at all conditions in which the intracranial volume of the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) is abnormally large in relation to the volume of the brain. The pathology of progressive hydrocephalus can only be understood on the basis of the anatomy of the CSF pathway, the sites of its production and absorption. Whatever are the causes, these seem to be five distinct ways in which hydrocephalus may occur 1) by an overproduction of CSF 2) by an obstruction to the out-flow of CSF 3) by obstruction in the communicating channels 4) by failure in development of or obstruction in the main absorption mechanism 5) by an increase in the protein content of the CSF. Neuroradiological investigations in the form of ventriculography and angiography are valuable before the introduction of computed tomography of brain(CSF). Nowdays, brain CT is available as a non-invasive and accurate diagaostic method.
Absorption ; Angiography ; Brain ; Hydrocephalus* ; Pathology

Brain Diseases ; pathology ; Histiocytosis, Sinus ; pathology ; Humans ; Skull ; pathology

Primary familial brain calcification (PFBC) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by progressive calcium deposition bilaterally in the brain, accompanied by various symptoms, such as dystonia, ataxia, parkinsonism, dementia, depression, headaches, and epilepsy. Currently, the etiology of PFBC is largely unknown, and no specific prevention or treatment is available. During the past 10 years, six causative genes (SLC20A2, PDGFRB, PDGFB, XPR1, MYORG, and JAM2) have been identified in PFBC. In this review, considering mechanistic studies of these genes at the cellular level and in animals, we summarize the pathogenesis and potential preventive and therapeutic strategies for PFBC patients. Our systematic analysis suggests a classification for PFBC genetic etiology based on several characteristics, provides a summary of the known composition of brain calcification, and identifies some potential therapeutic targets for PFBC.
Animals ; Brain Diseases/therapy* ; Xenotropic and Polytropic Retrovirus Receptor ; Brain/pathology*

Patients afflicted with low-grade glioma frequently suffer from seizures. The mechanisms for seizure initiation in these patients remain poorly understood. Tumor location is correlated with seizure initiation. However, these correlative studies rely on dichotomized data analysis which is based on arbitrary lobe assignments. As a result, the lesion-symptom correlation may be incorrectly interpreted. Categorizing patients according to tumor involvement in a single brain lobe might cause the neglect of important information, such as lesion location and lesion volume. Tumors that invaded more than one brain lobe may could be counted repeatedly. The anatomic correlation of the tumor-induced seizures is therefore difficult to be identified. Investigations based on voxel-wise quantitative lesion analysis could avoid the above statistical bias. According to the voxel-wise analysis, the increased seizure risks were identified for patients with low-grade gliomas that involved the left premotor area.
Brain ; pathology ; Brain Neoplasms ; complications ; pathology ; Glioma ; complications ; pathology ; Humans ; Seizures ; etiology

We have tracked the response of host and transplanted neural progenitors or stem cells to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury, and explored the therapeutic potential of neural stem cells (NSCs) injected into mice brains subjected to focal HI injury. Such cells may integrace appropriately into the degenerating central nervous system (CNS), and showed robust engraftment and foreign gene expression within the region of HI inury. They appeared to have migrated preferentially to the site of ischemia, experienced limited proliferation, and differentiated into neural cells lost to injury, trying to repopulate the damaged brain area. The transplantation of exogenous NSCs may, in fact, augment a natural self-repair process in which the damaged CNS "attempts" to mobilize its own pool of stem cells. Providing additional NSCs and trophic factors may optimize this response. Therefore, NSCs may provide a novel approach to reconstituting brains damaged by HI brain injury. Preliminary data in animal models of stroke lends support to these hypotheses.
Animal ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Diseases/therapy* ; Brain Diseases/pathology ; Brain Ischemia/therapy* ; Brain Ischemia/pathology ; Gene Therapy* ; Human ; Nerve Tissue/cytology* ; Stem Cells/transplantation* ; Tissue Therapy*

Brain Neoplasms ; pathology ; Cerebellar Neoplasms ; pathology ; Ganglioglioma ; pathology ; Ganglioneuroma ; pathology ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Neuroepithelial ; pathology

Severe ischemic stroke carries a high rate of disability and death. The severity of stroke is often assessed by the degree of neurological deficits or the extent of brain infarct, defined as severe stroke and large infarction, respectively. Critically severe stroke is a life-threatening condition that requires neurocritical care or neurosurgical intervention, which includes stroke with malignant brain edema, a leading cause of death during the acute phase, and stroke with severe complications of other vital systems. Early prediction of high-risk patients with critically severe stroke would inform early prevention and treatment to interrupt the malignant course to fatal status. Selected patients with severe stroke could benefit from intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment in improving functional outcome. There is insufficient evidence to inform dual antiplatelet therapy and the timing of anticoagulation initiation after severe stroke. Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) <48 h improves survival in patients aged <60 years with large hemispheric infarction. Studies are ongoing to provide evidence to inform more precise prediction of malignant brain edema, optimal indications for acute reperfusion therapies and neurosurgery, and the individualized management of complications and secondary prevention. We present an evidence-based review for severe ischemic stroke, with the aims of proposing operational definitions, emphasizing the importance of early prediction and prevention of the evolution to critically severe status, summarizing specialized treatment for severe stroke, and proposing directions for future research.
Humans ; Ischemic Stroke/pathology* ; Brain Edema/surgery* ; Stroke/prevention & control* ; Brain/pathology* ; Brain Infarction/pathology* ; Treatment Outcome

Brain Neoplasms ; classification ; genetics ; pathology ; Humans