Bradyarrhythmias are commonly encountered in clinical practice. While there are several electrocardiographic criteria and algorithms for tachyarrhythmias, there is no algorithm for bradyarrhythmias to the best of our knowledge. In this article, we propose a diagnostic algorithm that uses simple concepts: (1) the presence or absence of P waves, (2) the relationship between the number of P waves and QRS complexes, and (3) the regularity of time intervals (PP, PR and RR intervals). We believe this straightforward, stepwise method provides a structured and thorough approach to the wide differential diagnosis of bradyarrhythmias, and in doing so, reduces misdiagnosis and mismanagement.
Humans ; Bradycardia/therapy* ; Algorithms ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Electrocardiography

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of acupoint sticking of Wuzhuyu (Evodia Rutaecarpa) for treatment of bradycardia.

METHODSSixty cases were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. The observation group was treated with acupoint sticking of Wuzhugu (Evodia Rutaecarpa) at Neiguan (PC 6) and Xinshu (BL 15) once each day. The control group was treated with oral administration of Xinbao pills, 3 pills each time, thrice each day. The therapeutic effects and changes of 24 hours' holter were observed after 4 weeks.

RESULTSAfter treatment, 24 hours' average heart rate was significantly improved in the two groups, with significant differences as compared with those before treatment (both P<0.01) and with no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The total effective rate was 86.7% (26/30) in the observation group and 83.3% (25/30) in the control group, their therapeutic effect being similar.

CONCLUSIONAcupoint sticking of Wuzhugu (Evodia Rutaecarpa) can significantly raise the levels of 24 hours' average heart rate in the patients of bradycardia. This therapy and Xinbao pills have similar therapeutic effect on the improvement of clinical symptom and heart rate levels.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Bradycardia ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

Although antiarrhythmic medication has been the main treatment modality for arrhythmia in children, in recent decades technological development and computerization have made great advances in nonpharmacological therapy. This article reviews the transcatheter radiofrequency ablation for tachycardia in children, recent advances of device therapy for bradycardia, antitachycardia pacing, implantable cardioverter defibrillator. As a new field of device therapy, cardiac resynchronization therapy for congestive heart failure is also mentioned.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac* ; Bradycardia ; Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy ; Catheter Ablation ; Child ; Defibrillators ; Heart Failure ; Humans ; Tachycardia

Four hypertensive patients with chronic renal insufficiency who were treated with sustained release verapamil hydrochloride subsequently developed acute toxic effects. All four patients developed marked bradycardia, hypotension, hyperkalemia and metabolic aciodosis and were treated with atropine, fluid therapy, potasium lowing measure, dialysis, and temporary pacemaker, and were restored to the renal function and sinus rhythm after 12-24 hr. Patients with renal impairement who are treated with sustained release verapamil may accumulate verapamil or its metabolites and develop toxic side effects. We conclude that sustained release verapamil should be used with caution in chronic renal failure and that patients should be closely monitored for adverse cardiovascular, metaboic, and hepatic side effects.
Atropine ; Bradycardia ; Dialysis ; Fluid Therapy ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia ; Hypotension ; Kidney Failure, Chronic* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Verapamil*

BACKGROUND: Dexmedetomidine has been widely used during spinal anesthesia to provide sedation. However, dexmedetomidine frequently causes significant bradycardia. This study was designed to evaluate whether fluid loading could reduce the incidence of bradycardia after intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion in patients under spinal anesthesia. METHODS: A total of 99 patients, 18 to 65 years of age, with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2, who were scheduled for elective total knee replacement or internal fixation of lower leg fracture under spinal anesthesia were enrolled. The patients were randomly assigned into one of the three groups, and fluid was loaded as follows: group LOW - 4 ml/kg, group MID - 8 ml/kg, and group HI - 12 ml/kg. After fluid loading and spinal anesthesia, dexmedetomidine was infused as follows: 1 μg/kg of loading dose for 10 minutes, thereafter continuous infusion at 0.4 μg/kg/h. RESULTS: The heart rate of group HI was significantly higher than that of group LOW (P = 0.049). The dosage of atropine administration was significantly lower in group HI than in group LOW (P = 0.003). The change in thoracic fluid contents was significantly higher in group HI than in group LOW (P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Fluid loading during spinal anesthesia can reduce the incidence and extent of bradycardia after intravenous dexmedetomidine infusion.
Anesthesia, Spinal* ; Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Atropine ; Bradycardia* ; Dexmedetomidine* ; Fluid Therapy ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Incidence ; Leg

Humans ; Bradycardia/therapy* ; Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency ; Pacemaker, Artificial/adverse effects* ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial

To analyze the efficacy and safety of Shensong Yangxin Capsules in treatment of bradycardia combined with premature beat. Databases, such as CNKI, VIP, WanFang, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials were retrieved by computers for relevant randomized controlled trials of Shensong Yangxin Capsules in treatment of bradycardia combined with premature beat. Two researchers independently screened out the literatures, extracted data according to the inclusion criteria, and applied the Risk of Bias assessment tool in assessing the methodological quality. The Cochrane systematic evaluation software RevMan 5.3 was used for data analysis. Totally 9 randomized controlled trials including 706 subjects were included. The intervention measure was the single administration with Shensong Yangxin Capsules, and the control measure was the blank control. The results showed that Shensong Yangxin Capsules had an obvious effect on average heart rate(MD=6.59, 95%CI[3.87, 9.31], I~2=90%), premature beat efficacy(RR=1.72, 95%CI[1.53, 1.93], I~2=0%), heart rate efficacy(RR=1.74, 95%CI[1.40, 2.17], I~2=47%), and objective efficacy(RR=1.50, 95%CI[1.31, 1.70], I~2=31%). Eight studies reported safety events, with no significant adverse reaction. In conclusion, the single administration with Shensong Yangxin Capsules may have a certain effect in improving heart rate, controlling premature beats and alleviating clinical symptoms in patients with bradycardia combined with premature beat, with no obvious adverse reaction. Shensong Yangxin Capsules can be used in clinic. This potential conclusion needs to be confirmed in future trials using rigorous methodology.
Bradycardia/drug therapy* ; Capsules ; Cardiac Complexes, Premature/drug therapy* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Described here is the progress of the electrical treatment for arrhythmia during the past half a century. The mechanism, their expression and the principles of electrical treatment for bradycardia, tachycardia and fatal arrhythmia--ventricular fibrillation (VF) are introduced respectively. The current situation and future development of the pacemaker, RF ablation and implantable cardioversion defibrillator are also discussed in the paper.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; surgery ; therapy ; Bradycardia ; therapy ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial ; classification ; trends ; Catheter Ablation ; trends ; Defibrillators, Implantable ; classification ; trends ; Humans ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; therapy ; Ventricular Fibrillation ; therapy

BACKGROUNDHigh cost of imported pacemakers is a main obstacle for Chinese patients suffering from bradyarrhythmia, and a domestically developed pacemaker will help lower the burden. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Qinming8631 DR (Qinming Medical, Baoji, China), the first domestically developed dual-chamber pacemaker of China, compared with a commercially available pacemaker Talos DR (Biotronik, Berlin, Germany) in Chinese patients.

METHODSA prospective randomized trial was conducted at 14 centers in China. Participants were randomized into trial (Qinming8631 DR) and control (Talos DR) groups. Parameters of the pacing systems were collected immediately after device implantation and during follow-ups. The effective pacing rate at 6-month follow-up was recorded as the primary end point. Electrical properties, magnet response, single- and double-pole polarity conversion, rate response function, and adverse events of the pacing system were analyzed. The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square test, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for measuring primary qualitative outcomes and comparing normally and abnormally distributed measurement data.

RESULTSA total of 225 patients with a diagnosis of bradyarrhythmia and eligible for this study were randomly enrolled into the trial (n = 113) and control (n = 112) groups. They underwent successful pacemaker implantation with acceptable postoperative pacing threshold and sensitivity. Effective pacing rates of trial and control groups were comparable both in the full analysis set and the per protocol set (81.4% vs. 79.5%, P = 0.712 and 95.4% vs. 89.5%, P = 0.143, respectively). In both data sets, noninferiority of the trial group was above the predefined noninferiority limit(-9.5%).

CONCLUSIONSThis study established the noninferiority of Qinming8631 DR to Talos DR. The safety and efficacy of Qinming8631 DR pacemaker were comparable to those of Talos DR in treating patients with cardiac bradyarrhythmia.

Aged ; Bradycardia ; therapy ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial ; methods ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pacemaker, Artificial ; adverse effects ; Prospective Studies

Normal rhythm in a healthy human heart originates from the natural biological pacemaker, the sinoatrial (SA) node which locates in the right atrium. SA node dysfunction or atrial-ventricular (AV) conduction block causes improper heart rate (bradycardia). Such dysfunction, if severe enough, is currently treated by implanting an electronic pacemaker which has been well established technically, but there are some limitations and inadequacies. Recently, progress in developing engineered cardiac biopacemakers with use of genes or cells has been made in experimental animal models. The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channel (pacemaker channel) modulates cardiac automaticity via the hyperpolarization-activated cation current (I(f)). HCN genes have been delivered to animal myocardium via viral vectors or HCN-transferred cells for recreating biological pacemakers. Approaches with non-HCN genes or transplantation of beating cells are also novel and have been investigated for generating cardiac biopacers. This article summarizes the progresses in research on recreation of cardiac biopacemakers. Genetically engineered biological pacemaker holds great promise to potentially cure severe bradycardia if critical issues, such as their stability and longevity, are properly solved.
Biological Clocks ; physiology ; Bradycardia ; therapy ; Genetic Engineering ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Heart Ventricles ; Humans ; Ion Channels ; Myocardium ; Pacemaker, Artificial ; Sinoatrial Node