No abstract available.
Korea*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Humans

No abstract available.
Internship and Residency* ; Psychiatry*

The western medical knowledges of the human anatomy and physiology including knowledges of central nervous system have probably been introduced into Korea by Prince Sohyon Seja in 1645. The authentic education for the western medicine at the governmental and private medical schools, however, originated from 1899 and the education of mental disease was included in curriculum of Tai-Han-uiwon, the governmental medical school before 1910. In 1913 the first department of psychiatry (Department of Mental Disease) was established at the Chongdokbu-uiwon, the clinic of the Japanese colonial government, the former Korean governmental hospital which has later developed to the Kyongs ong Imperial University Hospital. On the other hand, there was in Severance Hospital Medical College, one Australian missionary psychiatrist McLaren, who has served at Paton Memorial Hospital in Jinju, Korea from 1911, taught neurology and psychiatry from 1913 at Severance Hospital Medical College, established psychiatry ward in 1923 at the Hospital, conducted the ward in humanistic way until 1940. It was the German psychiatry which the Japanese psychiatrists have brought to the Korean peninsula and it remained as major trends of psychiatry in Korea during the Japanese occupation between 1911 and 1945. The academic levels of Kyongsong Imperial University in psychiatry as well as the quality of mental care seemed to be almost equivocal to the psychiatry in Japan. However, psychiatrists scope of social psychiatric issues and of the research interests seemed to be somewhat narrow. Due to the political discrimination for the Korean students, the Koreans had less opportunity for the promotion at the university than Japanese residents in Korea. In 1945, after the end of the Pacific War only about 11 Korean psychiatrists were left in Korea, who organized Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The Department of Neuropsychiatry of Seoul National University (former Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kyongsong Imperial University) was the center for psychiatry training. The Korean War (1950-1953) enabled the interchanges between. Korean and American military psychiatrist, and motivated great change in Korean psychiatry from biologic oriented German descriptive psychiatry to the American dynamic psychobiological psychiatry. The German educational clinical systems were completely displaced by the American system, when internship and residency training system was conducted since 1958. However, there were always attempts to integrate old traditional Korean wisdoms into the modern psychiatry and to introduce European approaches and knowledges in psychiatry. With the rapid industrialization and economic development of the country since the late 1960s and the prevailing social defensive attitudes towards mentally ill patients of the leaders of the military regimes the increase of private asylums appeared where many chronically ill mental patients were kept without adequate treatment. The reform of asylums in the mid 1980s was gradually proceeded by the government leading consequently to the increase of huge mental hospitals in the land. With the democratization of the political situation as well as the social welfare policy of the government in the 1990s and with the steady stimulation elicited by some NGOs Mental Health Act was enacted in 1995 and the community mental health centers were increasingly set up in several districts. In concern with research activities in psychiatry remarkable development in social cultural as well as biological fields are recognized especially since in the 1970s academic societies for the subspecialities of psychiatry have been organized which cover the various schools of psychotherapy, social psychiatry as well as many subspecialities of biological psychiatry. The number of training hospitals have been increased as the result, the number of psychiatry specialists was increased from 93 in 1956 to 1593 in 1999. KNPA (Korean Neuropsychiatric Association) internal and international activities has been expanded. Question is however, the quality of services and the quality of academic achievement. Gradually, the voice was raised to focus more on the quality of research and training activities.
English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 21st Cent. ; Korea ; Psychiatry/*history ; Western World/*history

No abstract available.
Humans ; Mentally Ill Persons* ; Public Health*

The object of this study is to investigate the routes of the introduction of the western psychiatric knowledges and practices in Korea. The historical documents including newspapers and governmental bullettins as well as articles and books on the history of the Korean medicine were examined and the results are as follows: The western knowledge about the brain anatomy and physiology was introduced from China by the enlightened Confucian and Taoistic scholars of Korea in the mid seventeenth century through the Chinese translations of the western science and medicine. Due to the lack of support for the scholars and even persecution by the ruling power to those who had great interests in the western thoughts including sciences, the western medical knowledges could not be actualized in practice. Thus, the active practices of western medicine were started in the late 19th century in Korea through the two routes ; one, via Japanese military physicians and the other one, via the western missionary physicians. The psychiatry was lectured by Japanese psychiatrist in 1910 at the medical school of Tai-Han Ui-won, the Korean governmental clinic and in 1913 at the Severance medical school by the Australian psychiatrist, McLaren. As the independent department with the psychiatric ward, the first Dept. of Psychiatry was established in 1913 at the colonial governmental clinic, Chosun Chondokbu-Uiwon, the former Tai-Han Ui-won. Medicine as well as psychiatry was introduced into Korea under the political atmosphere of onesided admiration for the western science. The attempts to combine the western medicine with the traditional Korean medicine could not be tolerated by both missionary physicians and the colonial regime.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 17th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 18th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 19th Cent. ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Missions and Missionaries/*history ; Psychiatry/*history ; Western World/*history

The education of Introduction to Medicine for the medical students can be traced back to the Hippocratic medicine in ancient Greece, when regarded some essays on the nature of medical care in Corpus Hippocraticum. However, its modern precurser may be the medical historian, Henry Sigerist who published the book: Einfuhrung in die Medizin (Introduction to Medicine) in 1931 on the basis of his lecture at Leipzig University. Influenced probably by the German medical tradition the education of the Introduction to Medicine has been flourished in the medical schools in Japan since 1941. In Korea the course has been introduced in 1971 and only few universities have adopted it as the regular course for medical students, while the education of behavioral science in the medical schools became more popular since 1970. The objectives and the contents of the education of the Intorduction to Medicine seem to be different according to the organizer of this course. This study deals with the questions about the objectives and contents of the Introduction to Medicine. Fourteen books by twelve authors entitled with either the Introduction to Medicine or the relevant one which were published in Japan, except for the above mentioned book of Sigerist, since 1945 were under the investigation. The motivations and the purposes of the authors for the publications of the books and their contents were compared each other in which the guidelines for the education of Introduction to Medicine were indirectly reflected. From this investigations it was recognized, the ways of editing or writing such books were so diverse that one could not elucidate any unitary direction. However, one could classify the books into three major categories in their approaches. One was a philosophical approach toward the nature of medicine including the nature of science, nature of life, the nature of man and the medical care and it was represented by Omotaka Hisayuki, the philosopher and medical ontologist in Japan. The second one was the historical approach toward the nature of the medicine represented by Sigerist and adopted partly by Kawakita in Japan. The third category was the combinations of both philosophical and historical approaches. In discussion the objectives and contents of the education of Introduction to Medicine of Seoul National University premedical course were demonstrated and also the newly published book of Introduction to Medicine volume I, II, III in Korea edited by the author. The similarities and differences of the course of 'Introduction to Medicine' from the 'Medical Overview or Guide to Medicine' from 'Behavioral Science' and from the course of 'the Medical History' were taken into consideration. As a conclusion it was suggested that the Introduction to Medicine should remain as an unique scientific field and curriculum for the medical students, as Omotaka has emphasized. The goal of this science should be set in search for the ultimate nature of the medicine and the nature of its objects; the life, man, illness and healing and also physician and patient in the human society. As for the methodological approach the author had preferences for uniqueness, creativity and flexibility in construction of the curriculum of the Introduction to Medicine rather than to try to standardize the curriculum common to all universities. It seems, however, to be desirable that the approaches are comprehensive and interdisciplinary including both philosophical and historical approaches in addition to the psychological, sociocultural and anthropological approaches.
Education, Medical/*history ; English Abstract ; Germany ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Japan ; Korea ; Publishing/*history ; Textbooks/*history

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the ways of introduction of modern psychiatric care into Korea and to demonstrate the changing patterns of psychiatric care during the time between 1913 and 1927. The study was focused on the clinical activities of the colonial governmental hospital on the basis of the annual reports of the hospital from 1912 to 1928. The investigation has revealed the fact that the first special institution for the care of the mentally ill patients was founded in 1911 in Seoul by the colonial government which was called 'Che Saeng Won'. It was also confirmed that the first clinical department of the psychiatry in Korea was established in 1913 at the colonial governmental hospital, 'Chong-dok-bu Ui-won' which has taken over the role of psychiatric care from Che Saeng Won. The first chairman of the department of psychiatry was Misuzu Nobuharu and his assistant was Shim Ho-Sub, the first Korean psychiatrist who became assistant professor of psychiatry at Kyongsung medical college in 1916-1917 but moved to Severance hospital and changed his speciality to neurology of internal medicine. The department had two physicians and 4 care persons at the beginning stage and 22 beds for the mentally ill patients in the hospital which had total 330 beds. Later, the department has developed to 54 bed clinic with 4 staff physicians.It was noteworthy, however, that the treatment and care for the mentally ill patients by the western medical facilities in Korea probably began since 1880s at the general hospitals and clinics, such as Che-saeng Ui-won in Pusan, Royal hospital, Che-choong-won in Seoul, Paton memorial hospital in Chinjoo, Tai-Han hospital and Severance hospital in Seoul.In 1911, Australian psychiatrist McLaren began to work at Paton memorial hospital in Chinjoo, who became professor of neurology and psychiatry at Severance Union Medical College in Seoul. At Severance hospital, the psychiatric ward opened in 1923 with 10 beds. Dr. McLaren as missionary physician allegedly carried out humanitarian treatment and care of the mentally ill patients.The patterns of admission rates in accordance with diagnostic categories and racial differences at In- and Outpatient clinic of psychiatric department have offered no significant clues for the cultural psychiatric interpretation except for the case of hysterical psychosis. Among the total number of admitted cases of hysterical psychosis at psychiatric ward of Chong-dok-bu Ui-won the number of Japanese women were predominantly high throughout the period of investigation in comparison with the Korean patients. Some possible factors which might have influenced to this fact were suggested. Discussion was also held on the changing patterns of psychiatric diagnosis and nomenclature during the period.Colonial governmental hospital made great effort to expand the clinical and research facilities, therefore, Japanese psychiatrists have introduced the advanced knowledges of German psychiatry into Korea. Regrettably, however, the knowledges could not be transmitted to the Korean psychiatrists continuously until 1927 probably due to the discriminative policy of colonial government on the medical education for the Korean people.
Colonialism/*history ; English Abstract ; History of Medicine, 20th Cent. ; Hospitals, Federal/*history ; Japan ; Korea ; Psychiatric Department, Hospital/*history ; Psychiatry/*history ; United States