No abstract available.
Botulinum Toxins*

Repeated nasal flare is a condition that one repeatedly dilates one's nostrils unconsciously. It is not pathogenic, however, may be a cosmetic problem. This is caused by excessive activities of the alar part of nasalis. We, herein, report a successfully treated case with the botulinum toxin A.
Botulinum Toxins*

After direct superior rectus muscle injection of BtA in rabbit eyes, we examined the ultrasructural changes of the muscles from 1 day to 8 weeks after injection. The most profound changes seen at electron microxcopic levels after BtA injedtion were early vacuolization of the sarcoplasmic structure, extensive damage of myofibril, degeneration of the postjunctional fold and widening of the synaptic cleft. Myofiber changes were reversible with no apparent long-term consequence. However, most of the degenerations of myoneuronal junction were still present in 8 weeks post-injedtion. Comparing myotoxic effects according to rabbit age, the botulinum toxin seems to make more severe histologic damage in the fibers of the two-month old than six-month old or older. AchE activity of injection group is mildly decrease in number of positive fibers rather than control group, which was not statistically significant in the quantitative analysis. In conclusion the early vacuolization and degeneration of the sarcoplasmic structure, and degeneration of the postjunctional folds after toxin injection in the muscles are most likely due to a direct myotoxic effect of BtA.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Muscles ; Myofibrils

No abstract available.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A* ; Hyperhidrosis*

No abstract available.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Gastrointestinal Tract*

No abstract available.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Plastics*

Gingival smile is a condition that causes a cosmetic problem by revealing excessive upper gingivae when one smiles. We, herein, report a case of a successfully treated gingival smile by injection of botulinum toxin A to levator labii superioris alaque nasi muscle.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Gingiva

No abstract available.
Botulinum Toxins* ; Burns* ; Contracture*

Background: Resting tremor is a prominent cardinal motor symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In some cases, the tremor may be refractory to dopaminergic and anticholinergic treatment. Multiple studies were previously done to evaluate the effectiveness of Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) with essential tremors and dystonia, but data regarding its use on tremors of PD is still lacking. Objective: This meta-analytic study aims to determine the effectiveness of BoNT/A in treating tremors of patients with PD. Data Sources: Data Sources: Researches were searched at PubMed, ScienceDirect and EBSCO Host. Review Methods: Articles on the effect of BoNT/A on PD hand tremors were searched. Studies and data pertaining to non-PD tremors like essential tremors excluded in the analysis due to difference in pathophysiology. Standardized mean difference was used as the effect measure and was computed with Review Manager version 5.4 software. Results: Three open label studies were used for final analysis in this study. Studies included are those pertaining to tremors due to PD. Pooled estimates showed a significant change in decreasing tremor score after BoNT/A injection. Conclusion Botulinum Toxin A injections can be used to manage PD tremors effectively.
Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Tremor

Spasticity is one of the most common and disabling complications of stroke. Most of these patients notably experience both muscle-based and non-muscle-based pain. This negatively affects their quality of life as well as aggravates caregiver burden. Post-stroke spasticity (PSS) may furthermore lead to several complications related to limited mobility, both motor (eg, contractures) and non-motor (cognitive decline, depression) if left untreated. It is thus crucial to address this with safe and effective means such as botulinum toxin therapy as early as possible. We aim to demonstrate the utility of botulinum toxin (BoNT) in PSS treatment and how early intervention may be preferable to late spasticity control for patients. Literature search and evaluation were done using the traditional evidence hierarchy. Early intervention with botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) demonstrated a more marked reduction in both spasticity and spasticity-related pain with longer required intervals to reinjection.
Botulinum Toxins ; Pain