The purpose of this study was to propose the appropriate sizes and dish combination for nutritional-balanced lunch boxes delivered to children under the government-funded meal service program in Korea. The study was based on the 3 : 1 : 2 Meal Box Magic, a nutrition education method developed in Japan. A total of 290 lunch menus, comprising of 10 day menus from 29 organizations having delivered lunch boxes to children during summer vacation of 2008, were analyzed and used as the base data for lunch box combination. Dishes of the menus were classified into 6 groups: Rice group, Protein side dish group (including meat, fish, egg, and bean dishes), Vegetable side dish group, Kimchi group (including kimchi and jangajji), Soup, stew group, and the other group. Nutrient analysis was conducted for 100 ml of these dishes by CAN Pro 3.0 utilizing volume and weight conversion data used for analysis of the Korea Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and those from the Nutrient Composition of Food for Consumers. All the possible combinations of 5 dishes, comprising of 3 dishes from Rice group, Protein side dish group, and Kimchi group, respectively, and 2 dishes from Vegetable side dish group, were made using the frequently served dishes from the respective dish group. Nutrient analysis of each combination was conducted based on the assumption that a lunch box was 600 ml and filled up to 80% by dishes using the volume ratio of 3 : 1 : 1.5 : 0.5 for Rice group : Protein side dish group : Vegetable side dish group : Kimchi group. The mean and standard deviation of energy and nutrients of all combinations calculated by weighting the serving frequency of each dish selected for the combinations were 621 +/- 81 kcal for Energy, 22.1 +/- 5.0 g for Protein, 120 +/- 45 mg for Calcium, 4.1 +/- 1.1 mg for Iron, 201 +/- 130microgram RE for Vitamin A, 0.34 +/- 0.10 mg for Thiamin, 0.27 +/- 0.10 mg for Riboflavin, and 24.3 +/- 9.6 mg for Vitamin C. The energy percentages from Carbohydrate, Protein and Fat were 66%, 14% and 20%. The analysis results met the nutrition standard of lunch boxes for male elementary students in grades 4 through 6 under the government-funded meal service program regarding calories, nutrients except calcium and riboflavin, and macronutrient distribution ranges. Accordingly appropriate box sizes were suggested for different age and sex groups to meet the respective nutrition standards. In addition, milk or dairy products were suggested to accompany lunch boxes to supplement calcium and riboflavin intake. The method of selecting box sizes and making dish combination suggested in this study could be useful for the organizations preparing lunch boxes under the government-funded children's meal service program where nutrition professionals are not available.
Ascorbic Acid ; Calcium ; Child ; Dairy Products ; Humans ; Iron ; Japan ; Korea ; Lunch ; Magic ; Male ; Meals ; Meat ; Milk ; Ovum ; Riboflavin ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sustainability has become one of the top priorities in the foodservice industry. With an increase in consumer interest in sustainability and educational opportunities in higher education, it is important to know what sustainable practices are implemented in campus dining and how sustainable practices affect consumers’ responses.This study aims to identify the key sustainable practices in the campus dining context, and investigate the relationship by applying the stimulus-organism-response framework to determine whether the key sustainable practices influence consumers’ perception and behavioral intentions. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The self-administered online survey was distributed to college students in 8 dining halls at a large southeastern university in the United States from September 20–October 10, 2019. A total of 382 valid questionnaires were collected, and factor analysis and multiple regressions were utilized to test the research model. RESULTS: This study identified 4 dimensions of campus sustainability with a total of sustainable practices: sustainable food, waste management, energy/water conservation, and recycling/reuse. Three dimensions of sustainable campus practices (i.e., sustainable food, waste management, recycling/reuse) played a significant role in consumers forming a perceived value while energy/water conservation did not significantly influence the consumers’ perceived value toward the campus dining. Waste management was identified as the most important practice to enhance consumers’ perceived value (β = 0.330). Using sustainable food and recycling/reuse were ranked second and third, respectively (β = 0.262, β = 0.154). The findings confirmed the significant positive relationship between perceived value and revisit intentions. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the inclusion of dining sustainability as a critical component in explaining college students’ perceived value and revisit intention toward campus dining. Furthermore, this study provides practical implications for university administrators and foodservice operators to consider the key sustainable practices to meet the consumers’ value and revisit intentions.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of nutrition teachers and the factors influencing their intention toward sustainable dietary education utilizing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods: The self-administered online survey was completed by nutrition teachers in Jeollanam-do, South Korea. A total of 151 valid questionnaires were analyzed. Factor analysis and multiple regressions were employed to test the research model. Results: The study findings demonstrated that all TPB variables significantly influenced the sustainable dietary educational intention, with the degree of influence ranking as follows: external perceived behavioral control (β = 0.417), attitude (β = 0.240), internal perceived behavioral control (β = 0.207), and subjective norms (β = 0.181). For external perceived behavioral control, nutrition teachers and elementary schools exhibited higher levels compared to dietitians and middle/high schools, respectively. The participants in sustainable dietary education training programs exhibited a higher level of internal perceived behavioral control compared to those who did not participate. The highest perception levels were reported for attitude (4.26), followed by subjective norms (4.02), internal perceived behavioral control (3.67), and external perceived behavioral control (3.20). Conclusions This study affirmed that the TPB variables elucidated the sustainable dietary educational intentions of nutrition teachers. The significant impacts of external and internal perceived behavioral control, attitude, and subjective norms on educational intentions were confirmed. Consequently, proactive support from schools and governments is essential to enhance the facilitating factors and mitigate the barriers toward sustainable dietary education in schools.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of foodservice management in organizations delivering meal boxes for low-income children during summer vacation. A survey was conducted with persons in charge of meal box production and service of these organizations via mail. Out of 114 questionnaires distributed nationwide, 100 were analyzed (87.8% analysis rate). Over half (53%) of the organizations delivered meal boxes consisting of rice and side dishes while the rest delivered side dishes only. About 81% of the organizations received KRW 3,000 per meal from their local governments and the rest received KRW 3,500. Only 28% of organizations had employed a dietitian. Over one-third (38%) of the respondents were unaware of the official nutritional standard of the foodservice program for low-income children during vacation. Most of the organizations (94%) had menu planned in advance. The average percentage of food cost was 84.1%. Over 40% of the organizations did not keep food samples for sanitation test (43%) and did not take any measures for keeping food temperature during delivery (45%). The organizations delivering rice and side dishes were more likely to be located in cities rather than rural areas and received higher reimbursement rate. The organizations receiving reimbursement of KRW 3,500 or hiring a dietitian were more likely to use standardized recipes, keep food samples for sanitation test, or take measures for keeping food temperature during delivery compared to the counterparts. Respondents reported that increasing reimbursement rate was the most necessary for improving the quality of meal box. This study results showed that the meal box delivery service for low-income children was not properly managed during the vacation, with regards to menu planning and food production. It is recommended that reimbursement rate for meal boxes should be adjusted depending on meal box types and local conditions.
Child ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Fees and Charges ; Humans ; Meals ; Menu Planning ; Postal Service ; Sanitation

PURPOSE: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are considered very promising genetic markers for a better understanding of the genetic basis for complex diseases. Recently, various mutations have been described in the gene encoding the androgen receptor (AR) in a variety of disease, including male pattern baldness and prostate cancer. Analyzing the SNPs among different population or races shows unpredictable different expression patterns or diseases incidences. Because the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer varies worldwide, the SNPs may explain the differences among races. It has been reported that a synonymous A/G variant in exon I of the AR (NM_000044) at position 1754 showed different expression patterns in male pattern baldness. These observations raise important questions regarding the functional and clinical significances of the AR polymorphism. First, does the A/G variation of the AR have significance in prostate cancer? Second, if not, is the variation ethnogeographically specific in Koreans? To date, no studies have given answers to the above questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 120 unrelated subjects were enrolled between May and July 2004. Of the 120 patients, 80 had pathologically confirmed prostate cancer, 20 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and 20 were non-bald men. Genomic DNAs were procured from the blood of the patients. A 416bp fragment in exon I of the AR was amplified, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products digested with Stu I enzyme. RESULTS: All the prostate cancer and BPH patients, and even the controls, showed the Stu I restriction enzyme site at position 1754 in the AR. CONCLUSIONS: The Stu I polymorphism in the AR is not related to the occurrence of prostate cancer in Koreans. This suggests that the high incidence of the Stu I polymorphism may be from racial differences in the AR gene. (Korean J Urol 2005;46:561-564)
Alopecia ; Continental Population Groups ; DNA ; Exons ; Genetic Markers ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Incidence ; Male ; Mortality ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Prostate* ; Prostatic Neoplasms ; Receptors, Androgen*