BACKGROUND: Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) are associated with cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of CV risk factors by cross-tabulating central obesity with multiple BMI categories in Korea. METHODS: A total of 328,789 adults aged 30–84 years who completed health assessments for National Health Insurance in 2012–2013 in Korea were examined. The participants were divided into two WC and five BMI groups to investigate CV risk factors, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. RESULTS: The proportions of central obesity and obesity were 24.2% and 39.5% in men and 19.4% and 28.1% in women, respectively, according to the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity and World Health Organization Asia-Pacific Guideline criteria. The odds ratios (ORs) of CV risk factors in all sexes increased with increases in BMI and WC. Compared to the group with a normal WC and BMI, the adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals) for having MetS and diabetes in the centrally obese and highest BMI group (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m²) were 35.95 (33.75–38.30) and 3.51 (3.26–3.77) in men and 29.22 (27.36–31.20) and 4.35 (4.02–4.70) in women, respectively. Participants who were centrally obese and obese (BMI ≥25.0 kg/m²) had the strongest correlation with all CV risk factors compared with those who were not centrally obese or obese. CONCLUSION: The presence of central obesity in multiple BMI categories may significantly identify individuals at increased risk of CV risk factors.
Adult ; Body Mass Index* ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Dyslipidemias ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea* ; Male ; National Health Programs ; Obesity ; Obesity, Abdominal* ; Odds Ratio ; Risk Factors* ; Waist Circumference ; World Health Organization

Postmenopausal women aged 50s generally experience gradual changes in body such as decline in antioxidant and estrogen levels as the body ages. To overcome these aging-associated changes, the needs for health functional foods are increasing. Dendropanax morbifera (DM) have antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory against cancer cells, antidiabetic, and antiatherogenic effect which are associated with postmenopausal symptoms. We analyzed clinical effects of DM on aging-related symptoms by reporting their antioxidant, anticancer and inflammatory activity, etc. and their bioactivity. Data sources EMBASE, SCOPUS, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched up to August 2016 for studies investigating medicinal plants in prevention and treatment of diabetes. The search terms were “Dendropanax morbifera”. The reference lists of articles were also reviewed for additional relevant studies. Extracts of DM have various efficacy such as antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory activity and anti-thrombotic effect.
Aging ; Antioxidants ; Estrogens ; Female ; Functional Food ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Menopause ; Plant Extracts ; Plants, Medicinal

The prevalence and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mediated via several factors correlating with hepatic necroinflammation (adipokines/cytokines). This study was performed to analyze the level of inflammatory markers according to the presence of NAFLD and to identify related nutritional factors. A total of 80 adults were classified into 2 groups (healthy and NAFLD), and their body composition, blood tests, and eating habits were evaluated. In addition, inflammatory markers (adiponectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [CRP], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), nutrient intake status, and dietary quality were compared. The quality of diet was assessed according to the nutrient adequacy ratio and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The NAFLD group had a higher body mass index (p < 0.001) than the healthy group and also carried significantly higher CRP levels (p < 0.001) but lower adiponectin (p = 0.001). TNF-α levels increased significantly with fatty liver grade (p = 0.023). The NAFLD group showed significantly higher intake of energy, carbohydrates, iron, sodium, vitamin A and saturated fatty acids, but significantly lower intake of zinc and vitamin E than the healthy group. The MAR values were slightly higher in the NAFLD group but without any significant difference. The levels of adiponectin and vitamin E showed a significant inverse correlation (p < 0.05). Nutritional management of NAFLD patients is important, and the intake of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients such as zinc and vitamin E should be emphasized.

OBJECTIVES: The association between smoking and obesity is a significant public health concern. Both are preventable risk factors of cardiovascular disease and a range of other conditions. However, despite numerous previous studies, no consensus has emerged regarding the effect of smoking on obesity. We therefore carried out a novel study evaluating the relationship between smoking and obesity. METHODS: A total of 5,254 subjects aged 19 years or older drawn from the 2010-2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included in this cross-sectional study. Smoking was examined both in terms of smoking status and the quantity of cigarettes smoked by current smokers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between smoking and obesity. Overall obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, and central obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥90 cm for males and ≥85 cm for females. We adjusted for the possible confounding effects of age, sex, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and the presence of hypertension or diabetes. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference in central obesity according to smoking status was identified. Current smokers were more likely to be centrally obese than never-smokers (adjusted odds ratio,1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.67). However, no significant association was found between smoking and obesity defined by BMI. Moreover, among current smokers, no statistically significant association was found between the daily amount of smoking and obesity or central obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking was positively associated with central obesity. Current smokers should be acquainted that they may be more prone to central obesity.
Alcohol Drinking ; Body Mass Index ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Consensus ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Obesity* ; Obesity, Abdominal* ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Smoke* ; Smoking* ; Tobacco Products ; Waist Circumference

The prevalence and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is mediated via several factors correlating with hepatic necroinflammation (adipokines/cytokines). This study was performed to analyze the level of inflammatory markers according to the presence of NAFLD and to identify related nutritional factors. A total of 80 adults were classified into 2 groups (healthy and NAFLD), and their body composition, blood tests, and eating habits were evaluated. In addition, inflammatory markers (adiponectin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [CRP], and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), nutrient intake status, and dietary quality were compared. The quality of diet was assessed according to the nutrient adequacy ratio and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The NAFLD group had a higher body mass index (p < 0.001) than the healthy group and also carried significantly higher CRP levels (p < 0.001) but lower adiponectin (p = 0.001). TNF-α levels increased significantly with fatty liver grade (p = 0.023). The NAFLD group showed significantly higher intake of energy, carbohydrates, iron, sodium, vitamin A and saturated fatty acids, but significantly lower intake of zinc and vitamin E than the healthy group. The MAR values were slightly higher in the NAFLD group but without any significant difference. The levels of adiponectin and vitamin E showed a significant inverse correlation (p < 0.05). Nutritional management of NAFLD patients is important, and the intake of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients such as zinc and vitamin E should be emphasized.

BACKGROUND:The accelerated diagnostic protocol(ADP)using the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score(EDACS-ADP),a tool to identify patients at low risk of a major adverse cardiac event(MACE)among patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department,was developed using a contemporary troponin assay.This study was performed to validate and compare the performance of the EDACS-ADP incorporating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I between patients who had a 30-day MACE with and without unstable angina(MACE I and Ⅱ,respectively). METHODS:A single-center prospective observational study of adult patients presenting with chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome was performed.The performance of EDACS-ADP in predicting MACE was assessed by calculating the sensitivity and negative predictive value. RESULTS:Of the 1,304 patients prospectively enrolled,399(30.6％;95％confidence interval[95％CI]:27.7％-33.8％)were considered low-risk using the EDACS-ADP.Among them,the rates of MACE I andⅡ were 1.3％(5/399)and 1.0％(4/399),respectively.The EDACS-ADP showed sensitivities and negative predictive values of 98.8％(95％CI:97.2％-99.6％)and 98.7％(95％CI:97.0％-99.5％)for MACE I and 98.7％(95％CI:96.8％-99.7％)and 99.0％(95％CI:97.4％-99.6％)for MACE Ⅱ,respectively. CONCLUSION:EDACS-ADP could help identify patients as safe for early discharge.However,when unstable angina was added to the outcome,the 30-day MACE rate among the designated low-risk patients remained above the level acceptable for early discharge without further evaluation.

BACKGROUND:The accelerated diagnostic protocol(ADP)using the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score(EDACS-ADP),a tool to identify patients at low risk of a major adverse cardiac event(MACE)among patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department,was developed using a contemporary troponin assay.This study was performed to validate and compare the performance of the EDACS-ADP incorporating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I between patients who had a 30-day MACE with and without unstable angina(MACE I and Ⅱ,respectively). METHODS:A single-center prospective observational study of adult patients presenting with chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome was performed.The performance of EDACS-ADP in predicting MACE was assessed by calculating the sensitivity and negative predictive value. RESULTS:Of the 1,304 patients prospectively enrolled,399(30.6％;95％confidence interval[95％CI]:27.7％-33.8％)were considered low-risk using the EDACS-ADP.Among them,the rates of MACE I andⅡ were 1.3％(5/399)and 1.0％(4/399),respectively.The EDACS-ADP showed sensitivities and negative predictive values of 98.8％(95％CI:97.2％-99.6％)and 98.7％(95％CI:97.0％-99.5％)for MACE I and 98.7％(95％CI:96.8％-99.7％)and 99.0％(95％CI:97.4％-99.6％)for MACE Ⅱ,respectively. CONCLUSION:EDACS-ADP could help identify patients as safe for early discharge.However,when unstable angina was added to the outcome,the 30-day MACE rate among the designated low-risk patients remained above the level acceptable for early discharge without further evaluation.

BACKGROUND:The accelerated diagnostic protocol(ADP)using the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score(EDACS-ADP),a tool to identify patients at low risk of a major adverse cardiac event(MACE)among patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department,was developed using a contemporary troponin assay.This study was performed to validate and compare the performance of the EDACS-ADP incorporating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I between patients who had a 30-day MACE with and without unstable angina(MACE I and Ⅱ,respectively). METHODS:A single-center prospective observational study of adult patients presenting with chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome was performed.The performance of EDACS-ADP in predicting MACE was assessed by calculating the sensitivity and negative predictive value. RESULTS:Of the 1,304 patients prospectively enrolled,399(30.6％;95％confidence interval[95％CI]:27.7％-33.8％)were considered low-risk using the EDACS-ADP.Among them,the rates of MACE I andⅡ were 1.3％(5/399)and 1.0％(4/399),respectively.The EDACS-ADP showed sensitivities and negative predictive values of 98.8％(95％CI:97.2％-99.6％)and 98.7％(95％CI:97.0％-99.5％)for MACE I and 98.7％(95％CI:96.8％-99.7％)and 99.0％(95％CI:97.4％-99.6％)for MACE Ⅱ,respectively. CONCLUSION:EDACS-ADP could help identify patients as safe for early discharge.However,when unstable angina was added to the outcome,the 30-day MACE rate among the designated low-risk patients remained above the level acceptable for early discharge without further evaluation.

BACKGROUND:The accelerated diagnostic protocol(ADP)using the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score(EDACS-ADP),a tool to identify patients at low risk of a major adverse cardiac event(MACE)among patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department,was developed using a contemporary troponin assay.This study was performed to validate and compare the performance of the EDACS-ADP incorporating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I between patients who had a 30-day MACE with and without unstable angina(MACE I and Ⅱ,respectively). METHODS:A single-center prospective observational study of adult patients presenting with chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome was performed.The performance of EDACS-ADP in predicting MACE was assessed by calculating the sensitivity and negative predictive value. RESULTS:Of the 1,304 patients prospectively enrolled,399(30.6％;95％confidence interval[95％CI]:27.7％-33.8％)were considered low-risk using the EDACS-ADP.Among them,the rates of MACE I andⅡ were 1.3％(5/399)and 1.0％(4/399),respectively.The EDACS-ADP showed sensitivities and negative predictive values of 98.8％(95％CI:97.2％-99.6％)and 98.7％(95％CI:97.0％-99.5％)for MACE I and 98.7％(95％CI:96.8％-99.7％)and 99.0％(95％CI:97.4％-99.6％)for MACE Ⅱ,respectively. CONCLUSION:EDACS-ADP could help identify patients as safe for early discharge.However,when unstable angina was added to the outcome,the 30-day MACE rate among the designated low-risk patients remained above the level acceptable for early discharge without further evaluation.

BACKGROUND:The accelerated diagnostic protocol(ADP)using the Emergency Department Assessment of Chest pain Score(EDACS-ADP),a tool to identify patients at low risk of a major adverse cardiac event(MACE)among patients presenting with chest pain to the emergency department,was developed using a contemporary troponin assay.This study was performed to validate and compare the performance of the EDACS-ADP incorporating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I between patients who had a 30-day MACE with and without unstable angina(MACE I and Ⅱ,respectively). METHODS:A single-center prospective observational study of adult patients presenting with chest pain suggestive of acute coronary syndrome was performed.The performance of EDACS-ADP in predicting MACE was assessed by calculating the sensitivity and negative predictive value. RESULTS:Of the 1,304 patients prospectively enrolled,399(30.6％;95％confidence interval[95％CI]:27.7％-33.8％)were considered low-risk using the EDACS-ADP.Among them,the rates of MACE I andⅡ were 1.3％(5/399)and 1.0％(4/399),respectively.The EDACS-ADP showed sensitivities and negative predictive values of 98.8％(95％CI:97.2％-99.6％)and 98.7％(95％CI:97.0％-99.5％)for MACE I and 98.7％(95％CI:96.8％-99.7％)and 99.0％(95％CI:97.4％-99.6％)for MACE Ⅱ,respectively. CONCLUSION:EDACS-ADP could help identify patients as safe for early discharge.However,when unstable angina was added to the outcome,the 30-day MACE rate among the designated low-risk patients remained above the level acceptable for early discharge without further evaluation.